Plant Propagation PDF

PLANT PROPAGATION Prepared by: Ms. Rochelle V. Soriano QUESTION How do plants reproduce? PLANT PROPAGATION It is a science, art, and business of reproducing propagules of high quality. Two types: ✔ Sexual propagation ✔ Asexual or vegetative propagation SEXUAL PROPA...

PLANT PROPAGATION Prepared by: Ms. Rochelle V. Soriano QUESTION How do plants reproduce? PLANT PROPAGATION It is a science, art, and business of reproducing propagules of high quality. Two types: ✔ Sexual propagation ✔ Asexual or vegetative propagation SEXUAL PROPAGATION Most common method by which plant reproduce in nature. Most efficient and widely used method for cultivated crops. Seed arise from the fusion of male and female gametes to form a single cell (zygote) within the ovule of a flower. TYPES OF SEXUAL PROPAGATION 1. SEED PROPAGATION ✔ An easy and cheap method of multiplying plants ✔ Most common method of propagating annuals all grain crops grain legumes Vegetable crops ✔ The most practical and profitable method of propagation for crops like papaya and coconut  1. SEED PROPAGATION SEED GERMINATION Resumption of embryo growth Series of events which takes place when dry quiescent seeds imbibe water resulting in an increase in metabolic activity and the initiation of a seedling fro the embryo. ✔ Epigenous germination – hypocotyl elongates and brings cotyledon above the ground. ✔ Hypogenous germination – epicotyl emerges and the cotyledon remain below the soil surface.  1. SEED PROPAGATION SEED DORMANCY – physiological or physical condition of a viable seed that prevents germination even in the presence of otherwise favorable germination conditions SEED QUISCENCE – condition in which seeds cannot germinate because or unfavorable condition  1. SEED PROPAGATION Types of Seed Dormancy a. Primary ▪ Exogenous or coat-imposed dormancy ▪ Endogenous dormancy- caused by environment during seed development and maturation. b. Secondary ▪ Imposed by temperature, light/darkness, abnormal amount of water, chemical and gases  1. SEED PROPAGATION Dormancy Technology a. Ecodormancy – due to one or more unsuitable factors in the environment with non-specific effect b. Paradormancy – due to physical factors and biochemical signals originating externally to affected structure. c. Endodormancy – regulated by physiological factors inside affected structure  1. SEED PROPAGATION Hastening Seed Germination/Breaking Dormancy 1. Scarification – is any treatment that removes the seed coat or alters it, making it more permeable to water and air. a. Physical scarification- soaking in water (tap, hot, or boiling water) for a specific period of time. b. Mechanical scarification- piercing, rubbing on sand paper c. Chemical scarification- treatment with sulfuric acid and organic solvents  1. SEED PROPAGATION Hastening Seed Germination/Breaking Dormancy 2. Stratification – is the placement of seeds between layers of moist sand, soil, or sawdust at high or low temperature so the action of water and high or low temperature will soften the seed coat. 3. Vernalization– seed treatment to cold temperature prior to germination. TYPES OF SEXUAL PROPAGATION 2. EMBRYO CULTURE ✔ Done by ascetically removing the embryo from the seed and placing it in a sterilized culture medium to germinate. DISADVANTAGES SEXUAL PROPAGATION ✔ Crops have longer juvenile period ✔ Crops do not retain the characteristics of the mother trees such as productiveness, fruit quality, regularity of fruit bearing, and growth habit. ✔ Crops tend to grow into tall plants with large crowns for plantation and fruit crops ASEXUAL OR VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION ✔ There is no union of male and female gametes ✔ Involves the use of vegetative parts of the plants like roots, stems, and leaves ✔ Vegetative parts may be classified into: ▪ Those separated from the mother plants ▪ Those still attached to the mother plant ▪ Those attached or united to another rooted plant ASEXUAL PROPAGATION ADVANTAGES ✔ Generated plants are true to type ✔ Allows reproduction of plants where seed propagation is impossible or difficult (e.g. banana, abaca, pineapple, breadfruit, grapes, etc) ✔ More efficient, convenient and practical to use that seed propagation ✔ Earlier crop reproductive maturity ✔ Shorter plant stature ASEXUAL PROPAGATION METHODS ▪ Propagation by apomictic seeds ▪ Separation ▪ Division ▪ Cuttage ▪ Layerage ▪ Graftage ▪ Micropropagation ASEXUAL PROPAGATION 1. Propagation by apomictic embryos ▪ Apomixis – from the Greek word apo, meaning “away from” and mixis meaning “mingling” ▪ Asexual formation of seed; production of viable seeds without pollination ▪ Reproduction of embryo without meosis and fertilization; embryo arise from the vegetative cells within the ovule ASEXUAL PROPAGATION Types of Apomixis ▪Obligate apomictic – a plant which reproduce only by asexual reproduction. e.g. Lanzones, Mangosteen ▪Facultative apomictic – a pant which reproduce either sexually or asexually. e.g. Mango, Citrus ASEXUAL PROPAGATION 2. Separation ▪Involves separation of naturally detachable organs from the mother plant ▪The process of separating a clump into several portions, each with a root system ASEXUAL PROPAGATION 3. Division ▪Propagation method wherein specialized organ are cut into pieces or section with at least one bud per section. ▪Propagules referred to as bits, seed bits, or seed pieces ASEXUAL PROPAGATION Specialized ✔ Bulb organ used for ✔ Corm propagation ✔ Crown (Separation and ✔ Offset Division) ✔ Pseudobulb ✔ Rhizome ✔ Runner ✔ Slip  ASEXUAL PROPAGATION Specialized organ used Bulb – a specialized underground for propagation (Separation and Division) organ consisting of a short, fleshy, usually vertical stem axis (basal plate) bearing at its apex a growing point or a flower primordium enclosed by thick, fleshy scales e.g. Tulips, lilies  ASEXUAL PROPAGATION Specialized organ used Bulbil – aerial plantlet formed on for propagation (Separation and Division) the axil of the leaves or flower stalk e.g. Agave  ASEXUAL PROPAGATION Specialized organ used Corm– a swollen base of a stem for propagation (Separation and Division) axis enclosed by the dry-scale leaves e.g. banana, gladiolus, gabi  ASEXUAL PROPAGATION Specialized organ used Cannel – miniature corm which for propagation (Separation and Division) develop between old and new corms  ASEXUAL PROPAGATION Specialized organ used Crown – pan of a plant at the for propagation (Separation and Division) surface of the ground from which new shoots are produced e.g. aster, Shasta daisy  ASEXUAL PROPAGATION Specialized organ used Offset – syn. Offshoot for propagation (Separation and Division) A characteristic type of lateral shoot or branch which develops from the base of the main stem in certain plants (a shortened, thickened stem of rosette-like appearance) e.g. Pistia sp.  ASEXUAL PROPAGATION Specialized organ used Pseudobulb – specialized storage for propagation (Separation and Division) structure consisting of an enlarge, fleshy section of the stem made up of one to several nodes e.g. cattleya sp.  ASEXUAL PROPAGATION Specialized organ used Rhizome – a specialized structure for propagation (Separation and Division) in which the main axis of the plant grows horizontally at or just below the ground surface e.g. banana, bamboo, sugarcane ASEXUAL PROPAGATION 4. Cuttage ▪Involves regeneration of structural parts in detached vegetative parts (stem, root, or leaf) under favorable conditions, thus producing a new independent plant ▪Types: root cutting, stem cutting, leaf cutting ASEXUAL PROPAGATION 5. Layering ▪Propagation method by which adventitious roots are included to a form on the stem while it is still attached to the parent plant