Plant Propagation Basics
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Questions and Answers

How do plants reproduce?

Plants reproduce through both sexual and asexual processes.

Plant Propagation is the science, art, and business of reproducing propagules of high quality.

True

What are the two types of plant propagation?

  • Cloning Propagation
  • Asexual or Vegetative Propagation (correct)
  • Budding Propagation
  • Sexual Propagation (correct)

    • Sexual Propagation is the most common method by which plants reproduce in nature.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sexual Propagation is the most efficient and widely used method for cultivated crops.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do seeds arise in Sexual Propagation?

    <p>Seeds arise from the fusion of male and female gametes, forming a zygote within the ovule of a flower.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the types of Sexual Propagation?

    <p>Seed Propagation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Seed Propagation is an easy and cheap method of multiplying plants.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Seed Propagation is the most common method of propagating annuals.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these crops are commonly propagated through seed propagation?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is seed germination?

    <p>Seed germination is the resumption of embryo growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between Epigenous and Hypogenous germination?

    <p>Epigenous germination involves the hypocotyl elongating and bringing the cotyledon above the ground, while Hypogenous germination involves the epicotyl emerging and the cotyledon remaining below the soil surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is seed dormancy?

    <p>Seed dormancy is a physiological or physical condition of a viable seed that prevents germination despite favorable conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is seed quiescence?

    <p>Seed quiescence is a state where the seed is unable to germinate due to unfavorable conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the types of seed dormancy?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Primary seed dormancy is caused by environmental factors like temperature, light/darkness, and abnormal amounts of water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secondary seed dormancy is caused by environmental factors like temperature, light/darkness, and abnormal amounts of water.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the types of dormancy technology?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ecodormant is caused by unsuitable factors in the environment.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Paradormancy is caused by physiological factors inside the seed.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is scarification?

    <p>Scarification is any treatment that removes or alters the seed coat, making it more permeable to water and air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the types of scarification?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Physical Scarification involves soaking seeds in water for a specific period of time.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mechanical Scarification involves piercing the seed coat.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chemical Scarification involves using sulfuric acid and organic solvents to treat the seed coat.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is vernalization?

    <p>Vernalization is seed treatment to cold temperatures prior to germination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Embryo Culture involves removing the embryo from the seed and placing it in a sterilized culture medium to germinate.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sexual Propagation is always the best option for plant reproduction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the disadvantages of Sexual Propagation?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Asexual or Vegetative Propagation does not involve the union of male and female gametes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Asexual Propagation involves the use of vegetative parts of the plants such as roots, stems, and leaves.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can vegetative parts be classified?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the methods of Asexual Propagation?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apomixis is the asexual formation of seed, producing viable seeds without pollination.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In apomixis, the embryo arises from the vegetative cells within the ovule.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the types of apomixis?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Obligate apomictic plants can reproduce only through asexual reproduction.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Facultative apomictic plants can reproduce either sexually or asexually.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Separation involves separating naturally detachable organs from the mother plant.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Separation involves separating a clump into portions, each with its own root system.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is division?

    <p>Division is a propagation method where specialized organs are cut into pieces or sections, each containing at least one bud.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Propagules produced through division are referred to as bits, seed bits, or seed pieces.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are examples of specialized organs used for propagation?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe a bulb.

    <p>A bulb is a specialized underground organ consisting of a short, fleshy, usually vertical stem axis with a growing point or a flower primordium enclosed by thick, fleshy scales.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe a cannel.

    <p>A cannel is a miniature corm that develops between old and new corms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe an offset.

    <p>An offset is a characteristic type of lateral shoot or branch that develops from the base of the main stem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe a pseudobulb.

    <p>A pseudobulb is a specialized storage structure consisting of an enlarged, fleshy section of the stem made up of one to several nodes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe a rhizome.

    <p>A rhizome is a specialized structure where the main axis of the plant grows horizontally at or just below the ground surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cuttage?

    <p>Cuttage is the regeneration of structural parts in detached vegetative parts like stems, roots, or leaves under favorable conditions, resulting in a new independent plant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the types of cuttage?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is layering?

    <p>Layering is a propagation method where adventitious roots are induced on a stem while it is still attached to the parent plant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Plant Propagation

    • Plant propagation is a science, art, and business of producing high-quality plant propagules.
    • Two main types: sexual and asexual (vegetative) propagation.

    Sexual Propagation

    • This is the most common method in nature and widely used for cultivated crops.
    • Seeds develop from the fusion of male and female gametes within the flower's ovule.

    Types of Sexual Propagation: Seed Propagation

    • An easy and inexpensive way to multiply plants, especially annuals like grain crops, legumes, and vegetables
    • The most useful and profitable method for crops like papaya and coconuts.

    Seed Germination

    • The resumption of embryo growth in a seed after absorbing water.
    • A series of events leading to a seedling emerging from the embryo.
    • Two ways:
      • Epigenous germination: the hypocotyl lengthens, pushing the cotyledons above the ground.
      • Hypogenous germination: the epicotyl emerges, while the cotyledons remain below the ground.

    Seed Dormancy and Quiescence

    • Seed dormancy: a physiological or physical state of a viable seed preventing germination even in favorable conditions.
    • Seed quiescence: a seed's inability to germinate due to unfavorable conditions.

    Types of Seed Dormancy

    • Primary dormancy:

      • Exogenous or coat-imposed dormancy: Dormancy due to seed coat characteristics.
      • Endogenous dormancy: Dormancy caused by the environment during seed development and maturation.

    • Secondary dormancy:

      • Imposed by environmental factors like temperature, light, darkness, water quantity/quality, and chemicals/gases.

    Dormancy Technology

    • Ecodormancy: Dormancy due to unsuitable environmental conditions.
    • Paradormancy: Dormancy due to external physical factors or signals.
    • Endodormancy: Dormancy regulated by physiological factors within the seed.

    Hastening Seed Germination/Breaking Dormancy

    • Scarification: Any treatment to remove or alter the seed coat, making it more permeable to water and air. Techniques include physical (soaking), mechanical (piercing/sandpapering), or chemical scarification (acids, solvents).

    • Stratification: Placing seeds in moist media (sand, soil, or sawdust) at specific high or low temperatures to soften the seed coat.

    • Vernalization: Treating seeds with cold temperatures before germination to induce or promote germination.

    Embryo Culture

    • Asexual method of seed propagation
    • Embryos are removed from the seed, and placed in a sterilized culture medium for germination.

    Disadvantages of Sexual Propagation

    • Crops have a longer juvenile period.
    • Traits of the mother tree (e.g., productivity, fruit quality) might not be consistent in offspring.
    • Crops might grow into taller plants with larger canopies, impacting crop management.

    Asexual or Vegetative Propagation

    • No union of male and female gametes
    • Uses vegetative parts (roots, stems, leaves).
    • Sections of the plant can be separated, attached to another plant, or maintained on the same mother plant for propagation.

    Types of Asexual Propagation

    • Asexual methods of propagation can be broadly classified into propagation by apomictic seeds or vegetative propagation.

      • Types of Sexual Propagation: Embryo Culture

      • Types of Asexual Propagation:

        • Separation: Naturally detaching organs from the parent plant.
        • Division: Cutting the plant into sections with buds.
        • Cuttage: Using a cut piece of stem, root, or leaf to establish a new plant.
        • Layering: Stimulating the formation of adventitious roots on a stem while a part is still attached to the plant.
        • Propagation by apomictic embryos
          • Apomixis is the asexual development of seeds.
          • Apomixis means 'away from mingling'.

    Specialized Organs Used in Propagation (Separation and Division)

    • Bulbs

    • Corms

    • Crowns

    • Offsets

    • Pseudobulbs

    • Rhizomes

    • Runners

    • Slips/Cuttings

    • Stolons

    • Bulbils

    • Descriptions of propagation by specialized organs, such as bulbs, corms, and rhizomes.

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    Plant Propagation PDF

    Description

    Explore the essential concepts of plant propagation in this quiz, focusing on the methods of sexual and asexual propagation. Learn about seed germination and the significance of seed dormancy in plant life cycles. Perfect for beginners in botany and horticulture.

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