Introduction to Urban Design History of Settlements PDF

INTRODUCTION TO URBAN DESIGN  THE HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ANCIENT TIMES NOMADIC – CAVE DWELLER MAN TIME PERIOD: UP TO 10,000 BC  QUESTION! WHO / WHAT ARE NOMADS?  QUESTION! WHO / WHA...

INTRODUCTION TO URBAN DESIGN  THE HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ANCIENT TIMES NOMADIC – CAVE DWELLER MAN TIME PERIOD: UP TO 10,000 BC  QUESTION! WHO / WHAT ARE NOMADS?  QUESTION! WHO / WHAT ARE NOMADS? Ancient people without permanent homes Wandered from place to place Small groups of people (20 to 30) with herds of animals  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ANCIENT TIMES NOMADIC – CAVE DWELLER MAN TIME PERIOD: UP TO 10,000 BC Earliest man did not settle anywhere as they wandered around in search of food  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ANCIENT TIMES NOMADIC – CAVE DWELLER MAN TIME PERIOD: UP TO 10,000 BC Do not know how to construct buildings, they live in the open  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ANCIENT TIMES NOMADIC – CAVE DWELLER MAN TIME PERIOD: UP TO 10,000 BC Occasionally took shelter on top of trees to protect themselves from wild animals  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ANCIENT TIMES NOMADIC – CAVE DWELLER MAN TIME PERIOD: UP TO 10,000 BC Later, they lived in caves by the side of rivers, lakes and springs  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ANCIENT TIMES NOMADIC – CAVE DWELLER MAN TIME PERIOD: UP TO 10,000 BC They preferred sites protected by rivers, swamps or elevated terrains  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ANCIENT TIMES NOMADIC – CAVE DWELLER MAN TIME PERIOD: UP TO 10,000 BC When food becomes scarce or the gathering becomes difficult, they move to another location.  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ANCIENT TIMES TOWARDS SETTLED HABITATION TIME PERIOD: UP TO 10,000 BC to 5,000 BC Man learned to practice cultivation. They can now stay at one place as they can produce their own food.  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ANCIENT TIMES TOWARDS SETTLED HABITATION TIME PERIOD: UP TO 10,000 BC to 5,000 BC They began to settle down near fields they have cultivated. This is why they preferred fertile lands and areas where water is plenty.  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ANCIENT TIMES TOWARDS SETTLED HABITATION TIME PERIOD: UP TO 10,000 BC to 5,000 BC Man learned to build huts and mud houses. Earliest settlements began to take shape. These settlements consisted of groups of houses built by the side of agricultural fields, shrines and burial grounds.  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS What affected the development and growth of urban areas?  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ANCIENT TIMES Favorable environment for human existence Presence of fertile soil, bodies of water & natural resources Slope / Terrain and other forms of natural defenses Climate  Why River Valleys? Land was fertile Water and food can be extracted from rivers Soft clay is good for constructing their huts (homes) Later, river was also used as a means of transportation.  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ANCIENT TIMES The Community Structure Division of labor Since food is already abundant, not all the inhabitants were required to work on the fields. Thus, others began to practice various “occupations”. Working population was divided.  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ANCIENT TIMES The Community Structure Barter Those who were not farmers were supplied food in exchange of goods they produced. Shepherds got grains in exchange for milk, weavers for cloth, potters for utensils, and craftsmen for tools and implements. Later as river and land routes developed for transportation, goods began to be exchanged across communities.  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ANCIENT TIMES The Community Structure Trading With transportation, reputation of some of the goods produced by craftsmen of particular villages began to travel far and wide. Traders emerged as a new class of people, trading as a new occupation and market place as a new physical component of settlements.  QUESTION! Which of the following statements holds true for traders in the ancient history of settlements? A. Early traders most probably belonged to the hunting tribe, since they are the people already used to travelling. B. Traders were recognized as leaders, as they provided protection to the community. C. They have accumulated goods and became wealthy. D. They have accumulated knowledge as they traveled long distances and met many people.  QUESTION! Which of the following statements holds true for traders in the ancient history of settlements? A. Early traders most probably belonged to the hunting tribe, since they are the people already used to travelling. B. Traders were recognized as leaders, as they provided protection to the community. ALL TRUE! C. They have accumulated goods and became wealthy. D. They have accumulated knowledge as they traveled long distances and met many people.  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ANCIENT TIMES The Community Structure Social Stratification Previous “traders” became a chieftain. Social Classes starts to be established.  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ANCIENT TIMES The PHYSICAL Structure New Physical Features The “chieftain” built for himself a castle which towered over the other buildings and was built at the highest point in the village. The rich traders and wealthy farmers built their houses near the “castle”. The location became new distinguishing feature and a status symbol, as relatively poor artisans and peasants occupied quarters on the periphery. The community was divided between the rich and the poor as the two social classes occupied different sections of the settlements. Cahokia (Central Mexico)  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ANCIENT TIMES The PHYSICAL Structure New Physical Features The rich and the poor gradually grew antagonistic to each other as the former became more obsessed with their property and power. There are now walls around the settlements. Man who was originally warding himself from beasts and wild animals is now afraid of being attacked by fellow human beings.  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ANCIENT TIMES The PHYSICAL Structure The walled settlements Wall around the settlement was built in addition to the one already existing around the “castle”. These effectively curbed the physical spread of settlements. People living outside moved in. The density of the people began to rise. Los Millares (Bronze Age - Spain)  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ANCIENT TIMES The NEW COMMUNITY Structure Subjugation of Peasants The external threat brought forth the necessity of internal unity, as the people needed to defend themselves from the outsiders. However, the new organization of the community resulted in the subjugation and exploitation of a large majority of peasants by a small minority of the rich (called the “nobles”)  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ANCIENT TIMES The NEW COMMUNITY Structure The role of the “priests” Since the use of physical power was not enough to ensure obedience, religious sensibilities of the people were exploited. “Chieftains” were also identified as the “Priests” Thus they became ALL POWERFUL as the people willingly obeyed whatever he commanded.  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ANCIENT TIMES The NEW PHYSICAL Structure The Emergence of Kings The “chieftains” elevated himself to the status of the king, one who commanded a territory recognized as his kingdom. The “castle” grew into a fort, and the shrine into a temple. Carcassone (France)  DID YOU NOTICE? How Human Settlement developed: 1. Man’s Needs / Necessities 2. Interactions / Trades 3. Social / Community Structure = Physical Structure  Labor specialization 1. Man’s Needs / Necessities New occupation groups 2. Interactions / Trades such as engineers, 3. Social / Community construction laborers, Structure = Physical carpenters, soldiers --- to Structure answer for the needs of the king. 1. Man’s Needs / Necessities Advance in Civilization 2. Interactions / Trades 3. Social / Community Man developed new skills, Structure = Physical developed a kind of Structure common language, learned use of new materials. 1. Man’s Needs / Necessities RESTRUCTURING OF THE 2. Interactions / Trades COMMUNITY. 3. Social / Community Structure = Physical New structures were built. Structure Bigger houses, bigger temples and tombs. IT’S AN UNENDING CYCLE! HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS NEOLITHIC CITIES (7000 – 9000 BC) JERICHO (9000 BC) Early settlement in Israel A well-organized community of about 3000 people Built around a reliable source of freshwater Only 3 hectares and enclose with a circular stone wall Overrun in about 6500 BC HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS NEOLITHIC CITIES (7000 – 9000 BC) HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS NEOLITHIC CITIES (7000 – 9000 BC) KHIROKITIA (5500 BC) Early settlement in Cyprus First documented city without streets. Basic architectural unit was a circular structure with a flat roof Main street heading uphill was narrow but had a wider terminal, which may have been a social spot Grew because of migration  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS NEOLITHIC CITIES (7000 – 9000 BC) CATALHOYUK (7000 BC) Early settlement in Turkey Largest Neolithic City of 10,000 people in about 13 hectares of land. An intricately assembled complex without streets Included shrines and quarters for specialized crafts, production of paintings, textiles, metal, etc. Rested on a new rationale for the city at that time: TRADE  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ANCIENT TIMES (2000 – 4000 BC) At the Fertile Crescent: cities were formed by the Tigris & Euphrates river valleys of Mesopotamia. ERIDU Acknowledged as the oldest city DAMASCUS Oldest continually inhabited city BABYLON Largest city with 80,000 inhabitants  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ANCIENT TIMES (3000 BC) CITIES OF THEBES AND MEMPHIS Along the Nile River Characterized by monumental architecture Had monumental avenues, colossal temple plazas and tombs cut from rock Egyptian Civilization Dependence on the Nile Built reservoirs to store water Dug canals for irrigation Organized labor of large number of workers Methods of safekeeping when floods occur  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ANCIENT TIMES (3000 BC) Tel-el-Amarna Example of a typical Egyptian City Comprised of the following: 1) Central Area 2) North Suburb 3) South City 4) Custom’s House 5) Worker’s Village  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ANCIENT TIMES (2500 BC) INDUS VALLEY (Pakistan) Cities of Mohenjo – Daro and Harrapa Administrative – religious centers with 40,000 inhabitants Imposing citadel and lower city Grid-iron layout with continuous modifications Archeological evidence indicates an advance civilization lived here as there were housing variations, sanitary and sewage systems  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ANCIENT TIMES (2500 BC) INDUS VALLEY (Pakistan) Cities of Mohenjo – Daro and Harrapa  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ANCIENT TIMES (1900 BC) Yellow River Valley (China) “Land within the passes” Precursor of the linear city Anyang - largest city of the Yellow River Valley HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ANCIENT TIMES  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ANCIENT TIMES (800 BC) Beijing (China) Founded in approximately the same location it’s in today. Present form originated in the Ming Dynasty  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ANCIENT TIMES (BC to AD) MESOAMERICA CITIES Elaborate networks of cities were built by the Zapotecs, Mextecs and Aztecs in rough, rugged lands Teotijuacan and Dzibilchatun - largest cities  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ANCIENT TIMES (BC to AD) MESOAMERICA CITIES Teotijuacan  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS GREEK CLASSICAL CITIES (700 BC) Greek Cities spread through the Aegean Region westward to France and Spain Polis The “city-state” An ideal population of about 5,000 male citizens  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS GREEK CLASSICAL CITIES (700 BC) Sparta and Athens Largest cities Compact urban form Never planned as a whole Integration of social and civic life Components: Acropolis, Main harbors, Agora Complex, Cultural & Leisure Facilities Acropolis A religious and defensive structure up on the hills with no definite geometric plan The center of Greek Community life  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS GREEK CLASSICAL CITIES (400 BC) Hippodamus The first noted urban planner Introduced the grid system and the Agora  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS GREEK CLASSICAL CITIES (400 BC) Miletus Home of several famous philosophers and scientists such as Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, Hippodamus, and Hecataeus. Three Sections: 1. For Artisans 2. For Farmers 3. For the Military  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ROMAN CLASSICAL CITIES (400 BC) Roman Cities Adopted Greek forms, but with monumental scale that had a social hierarchy Roman Forums Symbol of Power Center of Activities Most famous Roman Forums:  Republican Forum  Imperial Forum  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ROMAN CLASSICAL CITIES (400 BC) Republican Forum Architectural Masses as Character Full of Odd Orders Layout is Informal  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ROMAN CLASSICAL CITIES (400 BC) Imperial Forum Urban Space as Character Spacious and Open Layout is Orderly  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ROMAN CLASSICAL CITIES (400 BC) Romans as: ENGINEERS Built Aqueducts, public baths, drainage systems and large open interiors for public gatherings CONQUERORS Built forum after forum Cities were not defensive as they opted for river crossings over isolation  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ROMAN CLASSICAL CITIES (400 BC) Romans as: PLANNERS They developed housing variations and other spaces Incorporated public works and arts into the design of their Cities Basilica Covered markets, Law courts Curia Local Meeting Hall, Capitol Domus Traditional House with Atrium Insulae Three to Six Storey apartments with storefronts  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ROMAN CLASSICAL CITIES (400 BC) Basilica  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS MEDIEVAL AGES Decline of Roman power left many outposts all over Europe Growth revolved around fortifications and monasteries The Christian church developed a strong organization that took powers that were usually the responsibility of governments. Towns were fine and intimate with winding roads and sequenced views of cathedrals and military fortifications Sienna and Constantinople Signified the rise of the church as a main urban design element  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS MEDIEVAL AGES The rise of two privileged classes: 1. The Nobles 2. The Clergy  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS MEDIEVAL AGES FEUDALISM Affected the urban design of most towns Society centered on lands help by local lord and on manors Many towns with small populations, as people fled to country estates  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS MEDIEVAL AGES FEUDALISM  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS MEDIEVAL AGES MERCANTILISM Became prevalent while power of feudal lords declined Relatively fragmented social organization Loose physical boundaries Development of ports and coastal areas Growth of retail outlets Growth of major population centers such as Europe, Paris and Venice Resulted to congestion and slums and eventually, the decline of cities  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS THE RENAISSANCE AND BAROQUE PERIODS (15th Century) DISPLAY OF POWER Kings achieved unity and display of their affluence and power by improving and beautifying their cities Arts and architecture became major elements of town planning and urban design Geometric forms of cities were proposed  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS THE RENAISSANCE AND BAROQUE PERIODS (15th Century)  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS THE RENAISSANCE AND BAROQUE PERIODS (15th Century)  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS THE RENAISSANCE AND BAROQUE PERIODS (15th Century) VIENNA Emerged as the city of culture and the arts The first “University Town” and the “Town of Musicians”  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS THE RENAISSANCE AND BAROQUE PERIODS (15th Century) ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF EARLY REANAISSANCE Public Works Civil Improvement Projects  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS THE RENAISSANCE AND BAROQUE PERIODS (15th Century) LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI De Architectura Treats architecture and Town Design as a single theme (Just like Vitruvis)  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS THE RENAISSANCE AND BAROQUE PERIODS (15th Century) DEVELOPMENT OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTUERE FRENCH Regarded natural landscape as barbaric Man-made, preferably geometric creations “Absolute command of nature” ENGLISH Characterized by an attitude of sympathy with nature “tames the nature” ITALIAN Terraced Garden is the best model of gardening in limited space  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS SETTLEMENTS IN THE AMERICAS MEDIEVAL ORGANIC CITY Taken after the “boug” (military town) and “fauborg” (citizen’s town) of the medieval ages Did not have any regular street form  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS SETTLEMENTS IN THE AMERICAS MEDIEVAL BASTIDE Taken from the French Bastide Eventually referred to as “new towns” Came in the form of grids or radial plans Reflects flexibility  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS SETTLEMENTS IN THE AMERICAS THE SPANISH “LAWS OF THE INDIES” TOWN King Philip’s City Guideline Produced three types of towns: 1. Pueblo (Civil) 2. Presidio (Military) 3. Mission (Religious)  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS SETTLEMENTS IN THE AMERICAS THE ENGLISH RENAISSANCE The European planned City Examples: Savannah, designed by James Oglethorpe Charleston, Annapolis and Williamsburg, designed by Col. Francis Nicholson Today, Savannah is the world’s largest officially recognized historical district.  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS SETTLEMENTS IN THE AMERICAS THE ENGLISH RENAISSANCE Annapolis Government buildings were focal points of the plan, though a civic square was also provided  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS SETTLEMENTS IN THE AMERICAS THE ENGLISH RENAISSANCE Williamsburg Plan was anchored by the Governor’s palace, the state capitol and the College of William and Mary  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS SETTLEMENTS IN THE AMERICAS THE ENGLISH RENAISSANCE Savannah  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS SETTLEMENTS IN THE AMERICAS THE SPECULATOR’S TOWN Developments were driven by speculation (guesswork) Philadelphia Designed by William Penn  HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION THE “MACHINE AGE” Change of manpower to assembly lines SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT: 1. The REFORM Movements 2. The SPECIALISTS