Physiology Final Exam PDF

EXAM 7 Which is a correct statement about the somatosensory, visual, and auditory system? -​ The somatosensory system gets information to the CNS fastest -​ The visual system utilizes only one type of receptor Phys Phab Scott was relishing Autumn with a delicious cup of hot apple cider. S...

EXAM 7 Which is a correct statement about the somatosensory, visual, and auditory system? -​ The somatosensory system gets information to the CNS fastest -​ The visual system utilizes only one type of receptor Phys Phab Scott was relishing Autumn with a delicious cup of hot apple cider. She was able to enjoy the fall flavors due to her ____ and also knew to delay her second sip (slightly too warm first sip) because of her ____. -​ Chemoreceptors - thermoreceptors In the retina, light waves will pass by the ____ before reaching the ____. -​ Afferents - receptors While walking to the party room, your classmate Carmen realizes that they were drifting towards the Neil Avenue Starbucks and then realize that they were smelling fresh mocha lattes. Carmen correctly noted that their first movement towards the starbucks was due to processing in their ____ and their identification of the smell was due to processing in your ____. -​ Primary olfactory cortex - orbitofrontal cortex Phys Phab Lily was listening to some rather loud music while completing her homework. Afterwards, in the quiet, she realized a ringing in her ears and correctly recalled that the stereocilia nearest the ____ of her main auditory structure are negatively impacted by ____ pitch sounds first. -​ Base - high In humans, the vomeronasal organ has very limited ____ and detects pheromones released by ___. -​ Adequacy - other individuals You have regularly integrated comparing and contrasting into your assessment preparations. When doing this process for the auditory and vestibular systems, you created the correct statement that … -​ Only the auditory systems relies on cochlear hairs -​ Both systems respond to movement occurring in water Which is a correct statement about the afferent nervous system? -​ Both the first and second receptor designs are utilized -​ Mechanical lateral inhibition lowers the level of signals the brain had been receiving Which is a correct statement about color vision? -​ Colors are NOT determined by individual cones -​ The sympathetic response will result in more cone activation -​ The typical red-green color blindness does NOT result from a decreased number of cones During lecture, the octopus eye was considered a better design than the human eye. Which is a correct statement about why the octopus eye is better? -​ It does NOT have a blind spot because its receptors are closer to their lens than its afferent neurons While sipping coffee at Berry Cafe, Libby Thompson realized that they were specifically enjoying the tastes of sweet, bitter, and fats. Consequently, they also realized that …  -​ They had identified exactly two critical needs -​ They were ingesting two energy sources The Oregon Duck decided to make blueberry muffins to welcome Brutus Buckeye to Autzen Stadium. While measuring the ingredients, they inadvertently spilled some on their smart watch that they did not realize they were wearing. The Oregon Duck correctly attributed this forgetfulness about the watch to … -​ The activation of inhibitory efferent neurons -​ Some of their afferent neurons being hyperpolarized by other neurons Sr. Scarlet’s Patient X has a condition that prevents calcium associated with the afferent nervous system from changing fluid compartments. Consequently, Dr. S correctly expects that Patient X … -​ Will receive NO sensory input -​ Will be able to do feedforward processes Dr. Gray’s Patient Y has ingested a toxin that has eliminated the detection of savory elements in food. Consequently, Dr. G correctly realizes that … -​ This toxin could be an antagonist with a high affinity for the savory receptors -​ Patient Y is going to experience more fatigue due to the toxin At a recent basketball practice, Brutus Buckeye created a loud commotion when he knocked over the rack holding all the basketballs. As he picked everything up, he correctly noted that this commotion … -​ Cause a large bend in the stereocilia of his cochlea EXAM 8 Dr. Scarlet assesses Patient X’s ability to move a glass of water from a table tp their mouth with only their forearm/lower arm moving. As this movement is accomplished in the typical manner, Dr. S states that … -​ This action involved two of the three muscle contraction types -​ During a portion of this process, Patient X’s tension was less than the load Herbie Husker (Nebraska mascot) was shrunk by Brutus to the size of an ion and placed near a skeletal myofiber. As Herbie watches one action potential propagated along this myofiber, he correctly states that soon … -​ A twitch will occur in the myofiber -​ Sarcomeres will definitely begin shortening Which is a correct statement about glycolysis in skeletal myofibers? -​ Osmolarity issues are resolved with glycogen -​ The glucose could be from the blood and transported to the cytosol or already in the cytosol Brutus Buckeye was doing isometric exercises at the RPAC. he correctly stated that the tension he was generating was ____ and his sarcomeres were ____. -​ Changing - changing in length Which is a correct statement that your classmate Carmen made about the somatic nervous system? -​ Each of its motor units contains just one single motor neuron -​ Its neurons are associated with the ventral side of the spine An A band fully contains … -​ An H zone -​ Thin myofilaments A duck and a chicken discuss their flight experiences. While the duck regularly flies long distances, the chicken is essentially a flightless bird so utilizes its flight muscles much less than the duck. Consequently, they correctly concluded that the duck’s flight muscles would ____ than the chicken’s flight muscles. -​ Generate less lactic acid, when used typically -​ Contain more mitochondria -​ Be darker in coloration Phys Phab Sydney correctly verified which student statement in the Party Room about crossbridge cycling? -​ The process directly includes our Critical Equation #1 -​ The loss of ATP will result in myosin being unable to unbind FROM actin Which of the following actions must occur for a myofiber to relax? -​ ATP must be present to detach the myosin from the actin -​ The interstitial acetylcholine at the junction must be eliminated -​ Calcium must be pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum In skeletal muscle, which is a correct statement regarding creatine phosphate and Krebs cycle? -​ They both use the same method to create ATP -​ Both can create ATP under aerobic conditions While studying, Libby Thompson recalled which correct statement about skeletal muscle structures? -​ Myofibers are multinucleated -​ There are more myofilaments than myofibers Utilizing our Figure 82, you correctly explain to a classmate that, during a twitch … -​ The relaxation period is always longer than the contraction period Myofibers of the ___ type generate ATP mainly under ___ conditions and produce ___ of tension. -​ Fast-glycolytic - anaerobic - very large amounts -​ Slow-oxidative - aerobic - small amounts Which is a correct statement about tetanus? -​ Most daily activities are completed utilizing UNFUSED tetanus -​ Fused tetanus requires a higher frequency of action potentials to occur Dr. Gray’s Patient Y has ingested a toxin that has eliminated their ability to have action potentials near their neuromuscular junctions. Consequently, Dr. G correctly realizes that … -​ The toxin CANNOT be an antagonist EXAM 9 The pupil’s smooth muscle under a sympathetic response will have low myosin light chain ____ activity and ____ calmodulin. -​ Kinase - inactive The anterior pituitary gland releases ____ endocrines while posterior pituitary gland releases ____. -​ 8 - 2 With her eyes closed, Phys Phab Basemah was doing squats at the RPAC where her knee angles initially decreased then increased. Which is a correct statement about her first squat? -​ BOTH her motor and somatosensory cortex were required to complete this action -​ A PAIR of muscles in each leg was necessary to complete this action -​ Her flexor muscles were first stimulated and then relaxed During ____ of smooth muscle, ____. -​ Relaxation - ATP is being removed from the myosin’s crossbridge -​ Relaxation - the tropomyosin is NOT moved into a blocking position -​ Contraction - myosin light chain kinase is active Libby Thompson is training for an Ironman Triathlon (2.4 mi. swim, 112 mi. bike, 26.2 mi. run) after completing the training, they correctly know that … -​ The proportion of their ATP made by substrate level phosphorylation will decrease -​ Their production of myoglobin will be increased -​ They will NOT have body-builder-sized leg muscles Which is a correct statement about aldosterone? -​ It will ALWAYS impact DNA transcription -​ It will impact TWO distinctly different amphipathic proteins -​ It is derived from cholesterol and has FOUR carbon rings In a dream, Brutus Buckeye is the size of a protein. He grabs onto an endocrine secreted by the hypothalamus. This endocrine binds to receptors in the anterior pituitary gland causing the release of a different endocrine that he now grabs and rides to a myofiber in a bicep where it binds to a receptor. He correctly realizes that the first endocrine he grabbed onto was … -​ Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) Which is a correct statement about the endocrine system? -​ ALL steroids are lipophilic -​ The impacts of endocrines typically last longer than the impacts of neurotransmitters -​ Endocrines are sometimes released by structures utilizing smooth muscle To study for this assessment, your classmate Carmen created a Venn diagram for smooth and skeletal muscle. Consequently, they were able to correctly state that … -​ Only in smooth muscle, the first movement of the crossbridge cycle is to deflex Which is a correct statement about the spinal reflexes presented in lecture? -​ They were both activated by somatosensory input -​ Only one involved the contralateral extensor being contracted -​ The movements being shown by Dr. Bronson were caused by her motor cortex Dr. Scarlet’s Patient X ingested a toxin that eliminated smooth muscle contraction. Consequently, Dr. S correctly stated that this toxin could be … -​ An antagonist for calcium Dr. Gray’s Patient Y took unprescribed growth hormone (GH) to build their muscles. Dr. G also points out that they will also … -​ Cause growth-hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) levels to decrease -​ Increase endocrine release by the liver Which is a correct statement about endocrines? -​ The ones released by the adrenal medulla are NOT steroids -​ TWO of the types rely on tyrosine Which is a correct statement about the knee jerk reflex? -​ Muscle spindles detect the stretch -​ BOTH the afferent and efferent nervous systems are crucial to its completion The Penn State Nittany Lion will have lots of cortisol released into its blood on Saturday. It will naturally get there because … -​ The anterior pituitary gland must have released adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) -​ The hypothalamus must have released corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) EXAM 10 Which is a correct statement about the adrenal gland? -​ It releases a nonpolar Endocrine 3, which increases glucose catabolism -​ It does impact kidney function During yesterday’s cardio workout, Phys Phab Courtney was thinking about the path her blood is following through her heart. She correctly states that she has ____ blood moving through her right atrium and it will pass through the ____ valve to exit this chamber. -​ Deoxygenated - tricuspid During hypocalcemia, the first addition to Vitamin D occurs in the ____ while the second addition occurs in the ____ but only if ____ is present. -​ Liver - kidney - parathyroid hormone Which is a correct statement about impacts on growth? -​ Cortisol is an antagonist for growth hormone releasing-hormone (GHRH) -​ Insulin is an agonist for IGF-1 receptors Purdue Pete (the Purdue mascot) was shrunk by the Brutus Buckeye to the size of a red blood cell. As Pete moves through the thyroid gland, he correctly observes that … -​ There are follicles cells filled with colloid -​ The level of simulation is determined by the activation of the TSH receptors Which is a correct statement about the endocrines released by the thyroid gland? -​ They only bind to intracellular receptors  -​ They have differing affinities for their receptors -​ They indirectly have an impact on bone growth An impact of elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) is … -​ Increased levels of active Vitamin D -​ Decreased calcium in the urine Dr. Scarlet’s Patient X broke their femur (large thigh bone) while shifting from sitting to standing. Dr. S is correctly expecting to observe Patient X having … -​ An elevated amount of steroid endocrine -​ A recent history of increased periods of illness More calcium is found in ____ than ____. Calcium will be absorbed from food if ____ is present. -​ Bones - extracellular fluid - calcitriol -​ Bones - intracellular fluid - 1.25 dihydroxyvitamin D Which is a correct statement about a red blood cell as it travels through the circulatory system? -​ It will sometimes be in arteries as a part of deoxygenated blood -​ The left ventricle propels it towards the capillaries of the intestines After a stumble down a small set of stairs caused by a hip fracture, Libby Thompson was told by the doctor that their bones are unexpectedly weak. Libby correctly realized that a cause of this weakness could be … -​ Underactive parathyroid glands -​ Lack of exposure to the sun -​ Grave’s disease Dr. Gray’s Patient Y reports that they are constantly feeling cold, have gained some weight, and are taking more naps than usual. Dr. G correctly expects that Patient Y’s … -​ Has encountered an antagonist for their thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors -​ Thyronine labels will be atypically low While considering the two portions of the pituitary gland, your classmate Carmen correctly stated that … -​ The neurohypophysis releases two endocrines that are also key neurotransmitters -​ The anterior portion is responsible for releasing growth hormone (GH) Brutus Buckeye has a very interesting dream in which a fellow mascot had a device that removed Brutus’ adrenal glands quickly and completely. When awake, Brutus correctly realized that if his dream had been reality, then he would have … -​ Not made this Saturday’s football game because he would have been dead -​ Had both his endocrine system and nervous system negatively impacted At a family gathering over the holiday weekend, you listen to a relative explain how they have recently been diagnosed with hypertension (high blood pressure) and hyperglycemia. You correctly suggest that your relative … -​ Have their next appointment with an endocrinologist instead of a cardiologist -​ Switch their exercise regime to a near zero proportion of high impact exercises -​ Considering doing more social distancing actions than a typical individual EXAM 11 The hydrostatic pressure is ____ directly related to the blood pressure. The hydrostatic blood pressure is ____ inversely related to the surface area. -​ Not always - always Which is a correct statement about the calcium sources of the three main muscle types? -​ Unlike skeletal, cardiac muscle’s sarcoplasmic reticulum has chemically-gated channels -​ In only cardiac muscle, calcium can enter the cytosol via two differently gated channel types Which is a correct statement about blood vessels? -​ The type most likely to rupture are the capillaries -​ The capillaries have a higher blood pressure than veins Which is a correct statement about the arterial blood pressure? -​ As it increases, baroreceptor action potential frequency will increase -​ Its systolic measurement is greater than its diastolic one Willie the Wildcat (the Northwestern mascot) was shrunk by Brutus Buckeye to the size of a protein. As Willie moves through a heart he correctly observes which aspect of the heart’s contraction pattern? -​ The bundles of His carry the electrical activity to the bottom of the ventricles -​ The electrical activity can move from atrial cell to atrial cell via gap junction The sympathetic nervous system will increase the ____ and decrease the ____. -​ Stroke - end systolic volume -​ Cardiac output - arterial pressure Cardiac output will increase when … -​ An increase action potential frequency is received by the sinoatrial node -​ The sympathetic nervous system is activated Phys Phab Sydney did a complex workout focused exclusively on her leg muscles. To distract herself from her soreness the next day, she determined how active hyperemia changed her blood flow during that workout. She correctly stated that she had vasodilation of the ____ supplying her leg muscles and ____ blood flow to her arm muscles. -​ Arterioles - decreased Brutus Buckeye experiences a brief disruption that prevents action potentials from being received by his brainstem. During this temporary disruption. Brutus’ blood pressure is expected to ____ because ____. -​ Rise - sympathetic input is increased -​ Rise - angiotensin II levels increase When Phys Phab Scott woke up this morning, her dream about being a physician was fresh in her mind. When listening to her patient’s heart, she heard lub-dub-shh and correctly realized that this patient … -​ Had an improperly closing semilunar valve In the Party Room, Libby Thomson was correctly explaining the methods to regulate blood flow to specific tissues. A correct statement made was that … -​ Paracrines can be utilized to impact the arteriolar blood pressure -​ Endothelial cells never release epinephrine to cause vasoconstriction While in the microscopic anatomy lab, your classmate Carmen viewed a myocardial fiber with a microscope. Which could have been viewed? -​ Only electrical synapses -​ Cadherins holding this fiber to another one Dr. Scarlet’s Patient X is experiencing weak and occasionally absent ventricular contractions. Consequently, Dr. S expects to view … -​ Patient X’s blood results showing increasing levels of vasopressin -​ An EKG for Patient X having atypical QRS complexes Dr. Gray’s Patient Y presents with a slightly higher end diastolic volume than typical for their measurements the last five years. Consequently, Dr. G correctly expects that their ____ than their five-year trend. -​ Heart rate will not need to be different The left ventricle is larger than the ____ because it ____. -​ Left atria - need to move blood further EXAM 12 When comparing the circulatory and respiratory systems, we can correctly state that ____ are like ____ because of their thick walls and ____ are like ____ because they do gas exchange. -​ Arteries - bronchi - capillaries - alveoli Erythrocytes lack ____ and are shaped like ____ ellipses. -​ Mitochondria - biconcave -​ A nucleus - biconcave While waiting for her students to utilize her Party Room time, Phys Phab Courtney tests how long she can hold her breath. During the holding, she correctly realizes that … -​ Her lungs change volume due to the indirect actions of her thoracic cavity muscles -​ Her lungs are receiving blood that left her heart from her right ventricle While explaining the anemias in the Party Room to a student, Phys Phab Zaid correctly stated that -​ Hemorrhagic anemia is the loss of too many erythrocytes -​ Pernicious anemia is due to a decreased absorption of Vitamin B12 -​ All forms of anemia result in a decreased carry capacity of oxygen Which is a correct statement about the conducting zone? -​ It does not participate in gas exchange -​ Its trachea is held open by cartilage rings The overall process of hemostasis is an example of ____ feedback. Platelet aggregation is an example of ____ feedback. -​ Negative - positive In preparation for this assessment, you correctly explained to your roommate that the ____ are only found in the respiratory zone and without Type ____ cells, the alveoli would be less resistant to hydrostatic pressure. -​ Alveoli - II With no Indiana mascot, Brutus Buckeye focuses on next week’s Wolverine from Xichigan who has been correctly prescribed oral anticoagulants. Brutus correctly realizes that this drug … -​ Impacts Vitamin K levels -​ Limits the third stage of hemostasis Classmate Carmen scraped their knee on a fall on the Oval. they correctly realized that their damaged area… -​ Will have plasmin levels rise after healing -​ Will have platelets getting stopped by more than just collagen -​ Will NOT have their platelets increasing the viscosity of the blood in the area Trying to prevent BuckeyeNation’s ultimate victory in the 2024 Blood Battle, Dr. May Zen Blue created a toxin that disrupts the hemostasis. You correctly realize this toxin could cause ____ in its Buckeye victims. -​ The inhibition of uninjured endothelial cells from releasing nitric oxide and prostacyclin -​ A decrease in the activation of the fibrinogen and thrombin In the Party Room, Libby Thomspon revealed that they have a mutation that prevents them from creating platelets. Consequently, they correctly state that … -​ Their vascular spasm will still work to seal SOME vessels -​ They should NEVER be prescribed aspirin as it will not be effective for them Dr. Gray’s Patient Y presents with an infection that is causing dehydration. Dr. G correctly expects that … -​ Their buffy coat will be increased -​ They will be trending toward hypotension Dr. Scarlet’s Patient X presents with both atypically high blood pressure and oxygen carrying capacity in their blood. Consequently, Dr. S correctly expects that further testing will show … -​ An elevated hematocrit but NOT buffy coat -​ An elevated level of an endocrine from the kidneys The COVID-19 virus enters Type II alveolar cells causing them to no longer function properly. Consequently, you correctly understand that the impacted alveoli … -​ Will have decreased availability of the soap-like substance surfactant -​ Will be more likely to collapse due to they hydrostatic pressure Which is a correct statement about the respiratory system? -​ Just one of its two epithelial cell types helps directly with diffusion EXAM 13 Between now and 1800 today, your ____ cannot change but your ____ can. -​ Vital capacity - venous reserve -​ Residual volume - inspiratory reserve volume With finals approaching, Libby Thompson has been drinking a lot of fluids in an attempt to aid their immune system. Consequently, when her bladder contracts in a socially acceptable location, the pressure within their bladder will ____ and their autonomic and somatic nervous systems will ____ be activated. -​ Increase - both Dr. Scarlet’s Patient X is doing a controlled exercise study. When Patient X’s breathing pattern changes, Dr. S correctly states that their Critical Equation #3 ____ had increased due to offloading in the lungs and their Critical Equation #2 ____ had increased to power the additional diaphragm activity. -​ Reverse - forward While attempting to beat her cousin in an underwater swimming contest, Phys Phab Lily correctly realized that during this contest, her … -​ Venous reserve will be decreasing -​ Risk of developing ischemic hypoxia is very low -​ Pulmonary stretch receptors will NOT get activated Which is a correct statement about the micturition process? -​ It can be accomplished against the impacts of gravity -​ It requires the inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system Which is a correct flow sequence (immediately adjacent not required) of filtrate through the renal system? -​ Renal corpuscle - distal convoluted tubule - ureter -​ Proximal convoluted tubule - ascending limb of the loop of Henle - urethra -​ Bowman’s capsule - collecting duct - internal urethral sphincter RDUreter​ PAUrethra​ BCI Which is a correct statement about hypoxia? -​ A blockage of the trachea will result in hypoxic hypoxia -​ An individual experiences shock directly due to ischemic hypoxia -​ An individual experiencing hemorrhagic anemia can quickly develop anemic hypoxia Realizing the final exam is less than a week away, your classmate Carmen began to hyperventilate. Fortunately, they correctly recalled their physiology and stated that they need to … -​ Utilize a bag to retain more CO2 -​ NOT be concerned about hypoxic hypoxia Filtration of the blood is due to the ____. That filtrate should contain ____ but not ____. -​ Glomerulus - calcium - myoglobin -​ Renal corpuscle - tyrosine - erythrocytes Dr. Gray’s Patient Y works in an industrial plant that produces carbon dioxide. Knowing that Patient Y did not have proper safety gear, Dr. Gray expects to find that Patient Y … -​ Has an elevated ventilation rate -​ Might experience respiratory acidosis Which pair is a correct match of the kidney part and one of that part’s functions? -​ Ascending limb of the loop of Henle - reabsorbing sodium and chloride -​ Proximal convoluted tubule - reabsorbing amino acids In the Party Room, Phys Phab Allison correctly states to a student that … -​ The proximal convoluted tubules remove sodium from the filtrate -​ The ascending limb of the loop of Henle does not have aquaporins in its epithelial cells Tourniquets can be utilized on limbs to prevent blood loss by acting like a sphincter for the entire limb. A consequence of tourniquet use is … -​ Causing ischemic hypoxia -​ Increasing blood acidosis Which is a correct statement about the hemoglobin saturation curve? -​ The saturation level is directly dependent on the partial pressure of oxygen -​ Hemoglobin is fully saturated at a partial pressure greater than 70 mmHg Four factors were presented in lecture as decreasing oxygen-binding to hemoglobin. A process links them because … -​ Their presence indicates where carbon dioxide is being produced -​ The factor of DPG indicates increased glycolysis activity -​ They are needed to trigger the drop off of oxygen at working tissues