Physics EOT Exam Preparation 2024 PDF

Christmas Term EOT 4th Form Physics Study Guide Physics Exam Topics: Christmas Term Exam - 2024 (Fourth Form) By: Arianna Wedderburn and Antwaine Murray Measurements ✓ Prefix ✓ Scientific notation/ Standard form ✓ Index Notation ✓ Conversions ✓ Significant Figures Measuring Time ✓ Simple Pend...

Christmas Term EOT 4th Form Physics Study Guide Physics Exam Topics: Christmas Term Exam - 2024 (Fourth Form) By: Arianna Wedderburn and Antwaine Murray Measurements ✓ Prefix ✓ Scientific notation/ Standard form ✓ Index Notation ✓ Conversions ✓ Significant Figures Measuring Time ✓ Simple Pendulum Measuring Length ✓ Reading Vernier Calliper ✓ Reading Micrometre Screw Gauge Measuring Mass + Weight ✓ w = mg Measuring Volume ✓ Displacement method (displacement can) ✓ Using a measuring cylinder Measuring & Calculating Density Density = mass/volume Units: gcm-3 , kg m-3 Graphs ✓ Graph construction and Analysis  Vectors ✓ Vector and scalar quantities ✓ Vector addition: ✓ Parallelogram Law ✓ Scale Drawing Linear Motion ✓ Motion Graphs (description and interpretation) o Distance/displacement – time graphs o Velocity/speed – time graphs This examination consists of two papers: Paper 1 TWENTY (20) multiple choice questions - [20 marks] Paper 2 FOUR structured questions in TWO sections: - SECTION A1 - Graph construction and analysis [20 marks] - SECTION A2 - [22 marks] - SECTION B - [20 marks]  Measurements Fundamental Quantities Derived Quantities A derived quantity is one that is calculated from a fundamental quantity. It is literally derived from it. For example, Speed = length/time or m/s.  Prefixes Eg. Kilogram = 1000 grams Centimeter = 0.01 meters Nanoseconds = 0.000000001 seconds Scientific notation -​ Numbers in Standard form/scientific notation can be greater than or equal to 1 but less than 10. -​ Example: 6000 = 6 × 103 is in scientific notation. If the given number is smaller than 1, then the decimal point has to move to the right, so the power of 10 will be negative. Example: 0.006 = 6 × 0.001 = 6 × 10-3 is in scientific notation. Index Notation Conversion Rules: ​ When converting from kg/m3 to g/cm3, you divide by 1000. ​ When converting from g/cm3 to kg/m3, you multiply by 1000. ​ When converting from m/s to km/hr you multiply by 3.6. ​ When converting from km/hr to m/s you divide by 3.6. ​ 1m3 = 1000 litres ​ 1cm3 = 1 ml Significant figures Rules: 1.​ All non-zero digits are significant. ​ For example, the value 211.8 has four significant figures. ​ 2.​ All zeros that are found between non-zero digits are significant. The number 20,007, with three zeros between the 2 and 7, has a total of 5 significant figures. ​ 3.​ Leading zeros (to the left of the first nonzero digit) are not significant. For example, 0.0085, has 2 significant figures because the zeros before the 8 are placeholders and are not significant ​ 4.​ Trailing zeros to the right of the decimal place are significant. This means 12.000 has a total of 5 significant figures, since the 0s after the decimal place are significant. Measuring Time Simple Pendulum ​ The length, l, of the pendulum is the distance between the point of suspension to the centre of the bob. ​ An oscillation is a complete to-and-fro movement of the bob. ​ Period, T, is the time taken to complete a single oscillation. ​ Period = Time taken(t)/Number of Oscillations(n)  ​ Frequency - This is the number of oscillations per second Frequency, most often measured in hertz, is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time. It is also occasionally referred to as temporal frequency for clarity and to distinguish it from spatial frequency. ​ Frequency = number of oscillation(n)/time taken(t) Example: The amplitude, a, is the angle of the displacement of the pendulum. Factors which affects the period of the pendulum are: (i) Length of the pendulum (ii) Force of gravity (iii) Air resistance NOTE: Blank space in formula 2 represents the LENGTH OF THE PENDULUM  Measuring Length Units: ​ Metre (SI unit) ​ Centimeter ​ Kilometer Instruments: 1.​ Ruler 2.​ Tape Measure 3.​ Vernier Caliper 4.​ Meter Ruler/Stick 5.​ Micrometer Screw Gauge Key Terms: ​ Sensitivity is the smallest change an instrument can detect. -​ E.g. the micrometer screw gauge is more sensitive than the vernier caliper -​ E.g. an electronic scale is more sensitive than a basic kitchen weighing scale. ​ Precision is how consistent repeated measurements are. ​ Accuracy is how close a measurement is to a true value.  Reading Vernier Caliper Range: 0 - 12 cm Smallest division (S.D): 0.01cm Steps: 1st - Read the main scale: Find the last whole number before the zero mark. 2nd - Read the vernier scale: Find the tick mark on the vernier scale that lines up best with a mark on the main scale. 3rd - Add the two measurements together: The sum of the two measurements is the final reading. EG1: EG2. Reading = 1.1 + 0.07 = 1.17 cm Reading Micrometre Screw Gauge Range: 0 - 25 mm Smallest division (S.D): 0.01 mm Steps: 1st - Read the main scale: Find the last number before the circular scale. 2nd - Read the circular scale: Find the tick mark on the circular scale that lines up best with a mark on the main scale. 3rd - Add the two measurements together: The sum of the two measurements is the final reading EG. Reading = 1.5mm + 0.07mm = 1.57mm Measuring Mass + Weight W (weight) = m (mass) x g (gravity) Using a graph or a table of data, gravity can be found by the following transposed formula: Measuring Volume ​ A volume is simply defined as the amount of space occupied by any three-dimensional solid. These solids can be a cube, a cuboid, a cone, a cylinder or a sphere. Different shapes have different volumes. The basic formula for volume is length × width × height.  Displacement Method Steps: 1.​ Measure the initial water volume. Use a graduated cylinder or other container to measure the volume of water. 2.​ Carefully place the object in the water, making sure it's completely submerged. If the object floats, use a pencil to push it under the water. 3.​ Measure the final water volume. Record the new water level. 4.​ Calculate the volume by subtracting the initial water volume from the final water volume to get the volume of the object. Volume of wood = Final volume - Initial volume Volume of rock = Final volume - Initial volume Volume of rock = 90 cm3 - 75 cm3 Volume of rock = 15 cm3 Volume of rock = 0.000015 m3 or 1.5 x 10^-5 m3 Using Measuring Cylinder Measuring & Calculating Density The density of a substance is measured in mass per unit volume. Density = mass/volume SI unit - kg/m3 or kgm-3 Graphs Construction STEPS TO TAKE TO DRAW A PROPER GRAPH: 1. Use a pencil with a sharp point 2. Correct quantities on correct axes: -​ Decide which quantity goes on the x-axis (horizontal) and which quantity goes on the y-axis (vertical) 3. Turning graph page: -​ Write down the range for both quantities to be plotted -​ Put the quantity with the bigger range on the longer side of the graph page. 4. Put the title at the top of the page -​ Title is usually in ALL CAPS and underlined -​ Title is usually at the top of the graph sheet; not in the graph itself. 5. Label the axes: -​ Put the quantity and its units on each axis with the slash separating them with their units. 6. Work out the scale for both axes: -​ Calculate: Range / No. 2 cm blocks on axis Example 1: 1.7/12 = 0.14V -​ In order to get your graph to fit on the graph page, 2 cm must be equal to a number bigger than the number you have just calculated. -​ Stick to a convenient scale. Counting in 2’s, 4’s, 5’s, 10’s, 20’s, 0.2’s, 0.4’s, 0.5’s, 0.1’s etc. Write down your scales: How much 2 cm or 1 cm represents on the x and y axes.  -​ Write scales at the top right hand corner of the graph page. 8. Plot your points: a)​ Work out the S.D. in the same way as a linear scale for both axes. b)​ Take the first x value and of the first ordered pair and look for this value along the x-axis and find the corresponding y value in the same way. c)​ Locate the one point on the graph where these two lines intersect. d)​ Mark this point with or X. e)​ Plot all ordered pairs in the same way. 9. Draw in your graph -​ Try to minimize the amount of erased lines you have, so that your work is neat and clearly visible. DO NOT WRITE WITH PEN ON THE GRAPH. -​ Ensure that your graph drawn, takes up at least half of the graph area. (suitable scale is important) Analyzing Interpreting straight line graphs: Proportionality: A straight line through the origin represents direct proportionality between the two variables plotted, y = mx. If the plotted points (expressing your experimental results) lie close to such a line, then they show that the behaviour of your experiment is close to that proportionality. Linear relationships: In many experiments the best straight line fails to go through the origin. In that case, there is a simple linear relationship, y = mx + c. Historically, one of the most far-reaching examples is the graph of pressure of gas in a flask (constant volume) against temperature. The intercept on the temperature axis gives an Absolute Zero of temperature, and an estimate of its value. Identifying systematic errors: In some experiments, all measurements of one quantity are wrong by a constant amount. This is called a ‘systematic error’. (For example, in a pendulum investigation of T against l all the lengths may be too small because you forgot to add the radius of the bob. Plotting T^2 against l will still give a straight line if every value of l is too short by the radius but the line does not pass through the origin.) In such cases, the intercept can give valuable information. ​ Gradient, m = change in y / change in x = y2- y1 / x2 - x1 ​ Equation of a straight line is y = mx + c, where ‘m’ represents the gradient, and ‘c’ represents the y-intercept (if one is present) ​ We can also use our graph to determine other values when one quantity is given, by extrapolation. -​ Make sure to derive your units based on the quantities on the graph. -​ Ensure to draw the large gradient triangle with dotted lines indicating the two points you are using to derive the gradient. Vectors Vector and scalar quantities Scalar quantities only have magnitude, while vector quantities have both magnitude and direction.  Vector and Scalar addition Adding scalar quantities is just calculating the numerical sum. Eg. 3kg + 5kg = 8kg Terms to describe adding quantities: Sum, Resultant, Total, Net Adding Vector Quantities Length of the line represents magnitude, and the arrow is for direction. ​ If vectors are moving in the same direction, they are parallel. ​ If vectors are moving in the opposite direction, they are anti-parallel. Adding parallel and anti parallel vectors: ​ If forces are acting to the right, we use a positive sign, if they are acting to the left, we use a negative sign. Parallel vectors: This leads to the sum of both quantities in that direction. For example, if two forces, 2N and 3N Forces, are acting on an object to the left the resultant force is (-2N) + (- 3N) = -5N (the negative sign indicates the resultant vector’s direction is to the left.) Antiparallel vectors: This leads to the subtraction of the forces that are acting in different directions. For example, if two forces are acting on an object, 2N to the left and 3N to the right, the resultant force is 3N to the right - 2N to the left = 1N to the right. Forces Acting at a Right Angle: If forces are acting at a right angle to each other i.e, they are acting perpendicularly, then using pythagoras’ theorem or trigonometry, can help you to derive the resultant force. NOTE: If the resultant force of an object is zero (0), then the object is at rest. E.g. -3N + 3N = 0, hence the object is at rest. Parallelogram Law If 2 forces, acting at one point on the same object are represented in magnitude and direction by the sides of a parallelogram drawn from the point, their resultant is represented in both magnitude and direction by the diagonal of the parallelogram drawn from the same point. Pythagoras Theorem R^2 = a^2 + b^2 R = √a^2 + √b^2 Tanθ = opp/adj Tanθ = b/a θ = Tan-1 b/a NOTE: Two forces acting in the same direction will result in the maximum resultant, and if they are acting in the opposite direction, they will result in the minimum resultant. Resolve Vectors: This involves taking a single vector and splitting it into its components (vertical and horizontal). Scale Drawing Force Diagram GCSE - IGCSE physics - finding the resultant force … Linear Motion Objects move when their position relative to a fixed point is changing. The motion of an object can be defined by its:\ ​ Position ​ Speed ​ Direction ​ Acceleration Kinematics - is a branch of classical Mechanics that describes the motion of bodies and systems. Speed :- The distance travelled per unit of time. (rate of change in distance) Symbol - v Speed(v) = distance(s)/time(t) v = s/t v = m/s SI unit - ms-1 Average Speed :- Average speed(v) = total distance travelled(s)/Total time taken(t) Instantaneous Speed :- The speed at any instant is called instantaneous speed. Velocity(v) :- Displacement covered per unit of time, (rate of change in displacement). The speed of a body in a particular direction. velocity(v) = displacement(x)/time(t) SI unit - m/s Acceleration :- rate at which velocity changes with time, in terms of both speed and direction. acceleration(a) = final velocity(v)-initial velocity(u or V) / time taken(t) acceleration(a) = Δv / Δt acceleration(a) = v - u / t acceleration(a) = (m/s)/s a = m/s2 = ms-2 Displacement vs. Distance Distance: -​ Total length travelled by an object -​ SI unit - metre (m) -​ Symbol - s -​ Scalar quantity Displacement: -​ shortest length from one point to another in specified direction. -​ SI unit - metre (m) -​ Symbol - s or x -​ Vector quantity Motion Graphs Distance/displacement – time graphs Displacement-Time Graphs ​ No motion ​ As time increase, distance stays the same ​ Distance increases with time ​ Gradient gives velocity of motion  Velocity/speed – time graphs ​ Constant velocity ​ As time increases velocity remains the same ​ Velocity increases with time ​ Constant/uniform acceleration ​ Gradient gives acceleration of motion