PhySci_Handout_01.pdf

SH1690 CLASSIFICATIONS OF MATTER 1. Mixture – substance with varying compositions 2. Pure Substance – substance with unifor m a. Heterogeneous mixture – a mixture in which composition the c...

SH1690 CLASSIFICATIONS OF MATTER 1. Mixture – substance with varying compositions 2. Pure Substance – substance with unifor m a. Heterogeneous mixture – a mixture in which composition the components can still be identified a. Element – a substance composing of Examples: only one kind of atom 1. Garden Salad Example: 2. Trail mix of nuts 1. Ds (Darmstadtium) b. Colloid – a mixture with observed properties 2. H (Hydrogen) as homogeneous mixtures, but b. Compound – a substance composing heterogeneous when subjected to tests of molecules, a combination of atoms Examples: which are made up of 2 or more 1. Milk elements 2. Styling gel Examples: c. Homogeneous mixture (Solution) – a mixture 1. Aqua Fortis (HNCO 3 ) with a very uniform composition 2. Water (H2 O) Examples: 1. Brine (saltwater) 2. Orange juice drink PHASES OF MATTER Solid is the state of matter with a defined appearance. It has its own shape, and has very little to no molecular movement. This is the state of matter with a very rigid molecular structure. An example is diamond. Liquid is the state of matter with molecular movement. Its movement is dictated by how fast the liquid flows. It has no shape of its own due to its loose molecular structure. Instead, it takes the shape of its container. An example is a glass of lemon juice. Gas is the state of matter with high molecular movement. Its molecular structure is looser than liquid. It behaves the same way as a liquid. An example is the air we breathe. 01 Handout 1 *Property of STI Page 1 of 3  SH1690 Plasma is the state of matter with a very high molecular movement. Due to heat, a gas becomes plasma due to the energy it absorbs and releases, making its molecules move even faster. High temperature plasmas glow a certain color. An example is the neon light fixture seen in restaurants. PHASE TRANSITIONS in matter happens when heat is introduced. Heat allows molecules to absorb energy, thereby increasing its energy levels. Increasing energy means movement among particles. Removing heat causes the molecules to lose energy, compacting together. Figure 1. Phase Transition of Matter 1. Melting – process of adding heat to a solid, causing its form to become a liquid Scraps of iron (Fe) bars melted to be reformed into solid iron blocks 2. Evaporation – process of adding heat to a liquid, causing its loose molecular bonds to break further, turning into a gas Saltwater (NaCl (aq)) is made to evaporate in a saltwater flat to extract salt Δ (NaCl (aq) NaCl + H2O ↑) 3. Ionization – process of adding heat to a gas, adding energy to it, charging the molecules into ions (plasma is made up of ions) Energy is added in a glass tube filled with Neon (Ne), making the Neon gas to glow due to the ionization process 4. Recombination – process of removing heat in a plasma, returning the ions to a ground state, becoming a gas. Sometimes called deionization. Neon plasma deionizes back to its gaseous form once it begins to cool 5. Condensation – process of transferring energy in gas molecules to the surrounding area, forcing the gas molecules to form bonds and coalesce into a liquid Water vapor condenses back to liquid water to form clouds 6. Freezing – process of transferring heat in liquids to the surrounding area, forcing the molecules to reform and bond into a solid Liquid Mercury (Hg), poured into a mold, is solidified when poured with liquid nitrogen (N 2 (aq)) 7. Sublimation – process of adding energy to a solid, dissipating into a gas without transitioning to the liquid phase 01 Handout 1 *Property of STI Page 2 of 3  SH1690 Frozen Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) sublimates into carbon dioxide gas (CO2 ↑) when exposed to room temperature 8. Deposition – process of transferring energy from the gas molecules to the surrounding area, forcing them to combine and make “deposits” of clumped gas molecules together, reforming into a solid Water vapor (H 2 O ↑) deposits itself as ice crystals (H2 O) when forming snowflakes PROPERTIES OF MATTER Physical Property is the property of matter in which the material can be quantified using measurements. It is also the property in which the material can also be assessed by the five senses. o Examples are mass, color, length Chemical Property is the property in which the material is assessed from its chemica l structure, processes, and results. o Examples are flammability, toxicity, enthalpy (total heat content in a system) Extensive Property is the property in which the material is dependent on its physical properties. If any physical property changes in a material, its extensive properties change accordingly. o Examples are mass, area, length Intensive Property is the property in which the material is independent on its physical properties. o Examples are color, temperature, density CONSUMER PRODUCTS Food Additives are substances added to food and/or beverages to improve flavor and appearance. They are also used to preserve the natural taste of food. Active Ingredients are substances that are biologically active. They are used mostly in pharmaceutical drugs and commodities like soap, powders, and others. Cleaning Agents are substances that are used to remove dirt, along with dust, stains, clutter, and foul odor. They may also kill some harmful microorganisms in the cleaning process. Cosmetics are substances that enhance the consumer’s appearance. Cosmetics also improve the consumer’s fragrance. References: Ahmad, W., Beckman, K., Vong, P., & Zheng, J. (2015, September 14). Classifications of matter. Retrieved from LibreTexts: Chemistry: http://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Analytical_Chemistry/Qualitative_Analysis/Classification_of_Matter Brown, T. L., LeMay, H. E. Jr., Bursten, B. E., & Burdge, J. R., (2004), Chemistry: The central science (9th ed.), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Pearson Education, Inc. Leach, M. R. (1999 - 2016). The chemical classification of matter. Retrieved from The Chemogenesis Web Book: http://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/31_matter/matter.html Russell, B. (1995). History of western philosophy. Routledge. Santiago, K.S., & Silverio, A. A. (2016). Exploring life through science: Physical science. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House Strathern, P. (2000). Mendeleyev's dream – the quest for the elements. New York: Berkley Books. 01 Handout 1 *Property of STI Page 3 of 3