Classifications of Matter

Classifications of Matter

• Matter can be classified into mixtures with varying compositions and pure substances with uniform composition.
• Heterogeneous Mixture: Contains visibly different substances; components can be identified.
  • Examples: Garden salad, trail mix.
• Colloid: Has properties of homogeneous mixtures but appears heterogeneous when tested.
  • Examples: Milk, styling gel.
• Homogeneous Mixture (Solution): Exhibits a very uniform composition.
  • Examples: Brine (saltwater), orange juice drink.
• Element: A pure substance made of one kind of atom.
  • Examples: Ds (Darmstadtium), H (Hydrogen).
• Compound: Composed of molecules made up of two or more elements.
  • Examples: Aqua Fortis (HNCO₃), Water (H₂O).

Phases of Matter

• Solid: Defined shape and appearance; minimal molecular movement; rigid structure.
  • Example: Diamond.
• Liquid: Has molecular movement; conforms to the shape of its container.
  • Example: Glass of lemon juice.
• Gas: High molecular movement; looser structure than liquid, behaves similarly.
  • Example: Air.
• Plasma: State with very high molecular movement; created from gases when heated.
  • Example: Neon lights, which emit color when energized.

Phase Transitions of Matter

• Melting: Solid transitions to liquid by adding heat.
  • Example: Melting iron bars into solid blocks.
• Evaporation: Liquid turns into gas when heat is applied.
  • Example: Evaporation of saltwater to extract salt.
• Ionization: Gas becomes plasma by adding energy, transforming it into ions.
  • Example: Neon gas glowing when energized.
• Recombination (Deionization): Cooling plasma allows ions to revert to gas.
  • Example: Neon returning to gaseous state as it cools.
• Condensation: Gas molecules lose energy and form liquid.
  • Example: Water vapor condensing into clouds.
• Freezing: Liquid transforms into solid by removing heat.
  • Example: Liquid mercury solidifying with liquid nitrogen.
• Sublimation: Solid transitions directly to gas without becoming liquid.
  • Example: Frozen CO₂ turning into gas at room temperature.
• Deposition: Gas transitions to solid by losing energy.
  • Example: Water vapor forming ice crystals in snowflakes.

Properties of Matter

• Physical Property: Quantifiable and perceptible, can be measured or sensed.
  • Examples: Mass, color, length.
• Chemical Property: Assessed based on chemical structure and behavior.
  • Examples: Flammability, toxicity, enthalpy.
• Extensive Property: Depends on the amount of matter present.
  • Examples: Mass, area, length.
• Intensive Property: Independent of the amount of matter.
  • Examples: Color, temperature, density.

Consumer Products

• Food Additives: Substances enhancing flavor and appearance; preserving natural taste.
• Active Ingredients: Biologically active substances in pharmaceuticals and cleaning products.
• Cleaning Agents: Substances for removing dirt and killing microorganisms.
• Cosmetics: Products enhancing appearance and fragrance.