Human Physiology Review 2023 PDF
Document Details
Uploaded by Mastiff
University of the West Indies, Mona
2023
Tags
Summary
This document provides a review of key concepts in human physiology, including transport processes, fluid balance, and the workings of the nervous and muscular systems. It covers topics like passive transport mechanisms, active transport, hydrostatic and osmotic pressures, edema, and the roles of different systems.
Full Transcript
Human Physiology Review November 2023 What percent of the human body is liquid? What are three types of passive transport? Three types of passive transport. (a) Nonpolar molecules can move by simple diffusion through the double phospholipid layers of the plasma membrane. (b) Inorganic ions can move...
Human Physiology Review November 2023 What percent of the human body is liquid? What are three types of passive transport? Three types of passive transport. (a) Nonpolar molecules can move by simple diffusion through the double phospholipid layers of the plasma membrane. (b) Inorganic ions can move by simple diffusion through protein channels in the plasma membrane. (c) In facilitated diffusion, glucose or another small organic molecule binds to a site on a specific carrier protein, which then undergoes a conformation change to release the molecule on the other side of the membrane. What is active transport? Active transport is the movement of molecules and ions against their concentration gradients, from lower to higher concentrations. This transport requires the expenditure of cellular energy obtained from ATP. What forces are involved in the exchange of materials between capillaries and tissues? Hydrostatic pressure caused by water – pushes out of capillary Osmotic pressure caused by plasma protein – pulls water into capillary Called Starling forces What causes Oedema? Fluid leaks from the capillary to the tissues when Colloid osmotic pressure falls (eg low albumin in blood) causing less pull of fluid into the capillary OR hydrostatic pressure rises, such as when a vein is blocked, blood backs up and fluid is forced out into the tissues Platelet production What ions are involved in the nerve action potential? What is the role of the synapse? Enables communication between nerves What is a muscle fascicle? When a group of muscle fibers is “bundled” as a unit within the whole muscle it is called a fascicle. Fascicles are covered by a layer of connective tissue called perimysium What are the components of a motor unit? a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates. What does sympathetic stimulation cause? What nerve causes parasympathetic nervous system changes to the gut?
