Human Physiology 2 - Review Unit 1.0 - Neural PDF

PHYG 13383D Human Physiology 2 Review Unit 1.0 - Neural Lecture 1 - Organization of the Nervous System 1. What are the levels of organization of the nervous system? What general functions do each of these components have? 2. What are the three basic divisions of...

PHYG 13383D Human Physiology 2 Review Unit 1.0 - Neural Lecture 1 - Organization of the Nervous System 1. What are the levels of organization of the nervous system? What general functions do each of these components have? 2. What are the three basic divisions of the brain? 3. What are three areas of the brain stem? What are their functions? 4. Where does the cerebellum receive input from? 5. Where does the cerebellum project neurons to? 6. What role does the cerebellum play in movement control? 7. What is the cerebral cortex? What does it do? 8. Where are the basal ganglia located? What are their roles? 9. What areas are contained in the diencephalons? What are their functions? 10. How is the brain anatomically divided? 11. What are Brodmann areas? How were they determined? 12. How do we determine the relationship between brain structure and function? 13. What are critical features of motor and sensory regions of the cerebral cortex? 14. What four features that are critical in brain protection, nourishment and homeostasis? 15. What are the three meninges? What are their functions? 16. Why do we need a blood brain barrier? 17. What roles does the cerebrospinal fluid play in brain function? Lecture 2 – Nerve Action Potentials and Synapses 1. What cells are capable of creating myelin? 2. What is the function of astrocytes? 3. Can neurons replicate? 4. What is the function of each of the following neuronal components: dendrites neuron body axon hillock axon axon terminal myelin sheath Nodes of Ranvier 5. What are the neuronal structural classifications? Provide examples of each and where they are found? 6. What determines the resting membrane potential? 7. How do you calculate the resting membrane potential? 8. How do you measure the resting membrane potential? 1. 9. What is the Nernst equation? What does it do? 10. What is the Goldman equation? What does it do? 11. How does the Nernst potential for an ion effect membrane potential? 9. a) You have a cell that is sitting at rest with the following ion concentrations inside and outside of the cell: Ion [in] mM [out] mM z Eion Perm. E*P Ca 0.1 1.2 K 140 3 1 Na 10 140.1 a) What is the Nernst potential for each of the ions. b) Given the permeabilities provided, what is the membrane potential of this cell. c) Is this cell depolarized, hyperpolarized or polarized? d) An error in cell metabolism has occurred leading to an increase in extracellular K to 150mM. What is the membrane potential now? e) What could happen to the cell due to this change? f) What would happen to membrane potential described in b) above if the permeability to Na increased 10 fold (P=1). Would this cell be considered depolarized, polarized or hyperpolarized? g) Assuming the cell identified in b) above is only now permeable to Na and K, how would you account for the following action potential? 40mV D 0mV C A -70mV B 10. In a neuron, what triggers an action potential? 11. What are EPSPs and IPSPs? What causes them? 12. What determines whether an action potential occurs? 13. What causes the repolarization of a nerve following depolarization? 14. What occurs in the synapse to trigger an EPSP or IPSP? 15. How are EPSPs and IPSPs summated to cause and action potential? 16. How does neuron firing frequency determine the likelihood of an action potential being triggered? 17. Provide 5 examples of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. 18. What types of ion channels would excitatory neurotransmitters affect? Lecture 3 – Autonomic Nervous System 1. What does the autonomic nervous system do? 2. Contrast the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems? 3. What is the critical central mediator of autonomic function? 4. Where do preganglionic fibers of the PNS originate from and travel to? 5. What is the difference between PNS and SNS preganglionic fibers? 6. What is the difference between PNS and SNS postganglionic fibers? 7. What are the neurotransmitters of PNS fibers? 8. What are the neurotransmitters of SNS fibers? 9. Where do preganglionic fibers of the SNS originate from and travel to? 10. What is the function of the paravertebral ganglia? 11. Do all SNS preganglioinc fibers synapse in the paravertebral ganglia? 12. What is the difference between cholinergic and adrenergic fibers? 13. What kinds of acetylcholine receptors are there? Where are they commonly found? 14. Why are there so many kinds of adrenergic receptors? 15. How can norepinephrine trigger vasoconstriction and vasodilation? 16. What autonomic system would be more active while sitting on the couch? What effects would this have on the heart, vasculature, airways and GI system? 17. What are the effects of the SNS and PNS on the following organs/processes: eye stomach intestines kidney adrenal gland gall bladder sweat glands liver hair follicles penis vagina/clitoris adipose tissue Lecture 4 – Sensory Systems 1. What does the grey matter of the spinal cord contain? 2. What does the white matter of the spinal cord contain? 3. What does the dorsal horn contain? 4. What does the ventral horn contain? 5. What is the dorsal root ganglion? 6. What are the meninges surrounding the spinal cord? 7. What is the function of the white matter of the spinal cord? 8. What is the organization of afferent and efferent inputs into the dorsal and ventral horns? 9. What are 5 different types of sensory receptors and the stimuli that they respond to? 10. What is the difference between exteroceptors, interoceptors and proprioceptors? 11. What must occur for a sensory receptor to depolarize in response to a stimulus? 12. Where do sensory receptors synapse with second order neurons? 13. Where do second order sensory neurons synapse with third order neurons? 14. Where do third order neurons terminate in the brain? 15. How are sensory inputs perceived in the cerebral cortex? 16. What is the structure and function of the following: Cornea Conjunctiva Sclera Lacrimal gland Iris Pupil 17. How do pupils change size? Why do they change size? 18. How does a lens work? 19. What are the major anatomical features of the retina? 20. What types of nerves are in the retina? 21. How do we see? 22. What is the difference between gestation and olfaction? 23. Where are taste receptors located? 24. How do we discern taste? 25. You walk into a room and smell dirty diapers? What steps took place for you to be able to detect that smell? 26. What are the major structural components of the inner, middle and outer ear? 27. How do sound waves get detected and translated in our ear? 28. What sensory systems work together to provide you with balance? 29. How do vestibular organs and otoliths work together to keep you in balance? Lecture 5 - Motor Control and Reflexes 1. What is the role of the primary cortex in creating muscle movement? 2. What is the role of the premotor area in creating muscle movement? 3. What is the role of the basal ganglia in creating muscle movement? 4. What is the role of the cerebellum in creating muscle movement? 5. What is the difference between direct and indirect pathways for motor signaling? 6. What are the differences in motor planning and control between tapping your finger and reaching out and poking someone in the eye? 7. What is the pathway that the corticospinal tract follows when descending from the cerebral cortex? 8. What are the five components in a reflex arc? 9. What are 4 common reflex arcs? How do they work? 10. What is the purpose of the crossed-extensor reflex? Lecture 6 - Pain 1. Why is it easy to localize some pain but other pain is diffuse? 2. What is the mechanism of referred pain? 3. What is the difference between somatic and visceral pain? 4. What kinds of receptors detect pain? 5. What is the difference between fast and slow pain? How is this manifested in the pain response? 6. Which kinds of pain receptors act through Type A nerve fibers? 7. What is the pathway for pain from the sensory neuron to the brain? 8. Where are the second order neurons located in the spinal cord? 9. Where do the third order neurons arise from? 10. How can the brain regulate the perception of pain? 11. Why do we rub a part of our body that has been hurt? 12. How can electricity be used to reduce e pain perception? 13. What are the different theories for how the pain signal is triggered? 14. What makes pain chronic? 15. What are three pain disorders?