PHSL 2000A Question Example Booklet 2024 PDF

SCHOOL OF PHYSIOLOGY Question Example Booklet BSc II (PHSL 2000A) 2021-2023 1 2021 2 Test 1, 2021 6. Red blood cells...

SCHOOL OF PHYSIOLOGY Question Example Booklet BSc II (PHSL 2000A) 2021-2023 1 2021 2 Test 1, 2021 6. Red blood cells a) are nucleated. 1. The movement of fluid out of a capillary into the interstitium is increased b) are produced in the bone marrow. by a decreased c) are components of the immune system. a) plasma volume. d) transport carbon dioxide. b) capillary permeability to protein. e) haemolyse when suspended in a 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl) c) capillary hydrostatic pressure. solution. d) interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure. 7. Haematocrit is increased e) plasma colloid osmotic pressure. a) by folate deficiency. b) in dehydration. 2. Increased extracellular fluid c) in a person living at high altitude compared to a person living at sea a) volume results from excessive sweating. level. b) volume results in a decreased haematocrit. d) following an incompatible blood transfusion. c) volume results from intravenous infusion of a hypertonic solution. e) by erythropoietin. d) osmolarity results in an increased intracellular fluid osmolarity. e) osmolarity results from blood loss (haemorrhage). 8. Chronic iron deficiency anaemia results a) from excessive blood loss. 3. Isotonic overhydration results in increased b) in hypochromic erythrocytes. a) plasma oncotic pressure. c) in macrocytic erythrocytes. b) extracellular fluid (ECF) volume. d) in an increased haematocrit. c) intracellular fluid (ICF) volume. e) in fewer circulating reticulocytes. d) plasma colloid osmotic pressure. e) plasma osmolarity. 9. The Na+/K+- ATPase pump a) transports potassium ions (K+) against their concentration gradient. 4. Hypotonic fluid loss decreases b) transports sodium ions (Na+) into the cell. a) extracellular fluid (ECF) volume. c) moves Na+ and K+ in the same direction across the cell membrane. b) intracellular fluid (ICF) volume. d) requires energy. c) blood pressure. e) maintains the resting membrane potential. d) plasma osmolarity. e) antidiuretic hormone release. 10. During the depolarisation phase of a neuronal action potential a) sodium ions (Na+) diffuse into the cell. 5. Components of plasma include b) the voltage-gated sodium (Na+) channel’s inactivation gates are a) fibrinogen. closed. b) bicarbonate ions (HCO3-). c) potassium (K+) leak channels are closed. c) albumin. d) the membrane potential becomes positive. d) white blood cells. e) the neuron is refractory to further stimuli. e) erythrocytes. 11. In a chemical synapse, a) neurotransmitters bind to voltage-gated ion channels. b) impulse transmission is faster than in an electrical synapse. c) neurotransmitter release occurs via exocytosis. d) metabotropic receptors stimulate post-synaptic intracellular second messengers. e) neurotransmitters are degraded by enzymes. 3 12. Neuronal conduction velocity is slower 17. Acetylcholine a) in C-class fibres than in A-class fibres. a) is broken down by choline acyltransferase. b) in myelinated neurons than in unmyelinated neurons. b) stimulates skeletal muscle relaxation. c) in neurons with a wide diameter than in neurons with a narrow c) is a second messenger. diameter. d) release is blocked by botulinum toxin. d) at low temperatures than at high temperatures. e) is a muscarinic agonist. e) in B-class fibres than in C-class fibres. 18. The sympathetic nervous system 13. Skeletal muscle contraction is inhibited by a) has a higher ratio of preganglionic to postganglionic neurons (high a) antibodies binding to nicotinic receptors. divergence) than the parasympathetic nervous system. b) decreased acetylcholinesterase activity. b) contains terminal ganglia. c) adrenergic agonists. c) when activated, causes urine retention. d) muscarinic antagonists. d) contains postganglionic cholinergic neurons. e) inhibition of synapsin-1 activity. e) activation stimulates cutaneous vasodilation. 14. Identify the correct and the incorrect statement(s). 19. The cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) second messenger a) An increase in the conductance of the post-synaptic membrane to a) is activated by G-protein-coupled receptor activation. potassium (K+) b) is inhibited by the action of phosphodiesterase. ions results in an inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP). c) is stimulated by β-adrenergic receptor activation. b) An increase in the conductance of the post-synaptic membrane to d) cleaves phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2). chloride (Cl-) e) stimulates smooth muscle release of endoplasmic reticulum ions results in an excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP). calcium. c) The slow closing of voltage-gated potassium (K+) channels results in hyperpolarisation. 20. Identify the correct and the incorrect statement(s). d) The plateau phase of a cardiomyocyte action potential results from a) Autonomic preganglionic fibres are unmyelinated. calcium ion (Ca2+) influx. b) Somatic motor neurons are efferent fibres. e) Inhibitory post-synaptic potentials (IPSPs) move the post-synaptic c) The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) carries sympathetic nerve fibres. neuron closer to threshold potential. d) Sympathetic and parasympathetic effects on the heart are synergistic. 15. Neurotransmitters classified as amino acid neurotransmitters include e) Intracellular calcium is required for smooth muscle contraction. a) glutamate. b) acetylcholine. c) gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA). d) noradrenaline. e) enkephalin. 16. Parasympathetic nervous system a) fibres originate from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord. b) activation is stimulated by elevated blood glucose concentrations. c) contains adrenergic postganglionic fibres. d) activation stimulates gastric hydrochloric acid (HCl) secretion. e) activation stimulates bronchiolar mucous secretion. 4 APQ 1 5. Giving physiological explanations for your answers, decide whether the following statements are correct or incorrect: The following data were obtained from four individuals (1, 2, 3, and 4) with a) There is likely to be fluid movement from the plasma into abnormalities of body fluid balance. individual 1’s erythrocytes. (3) b) Individual 1 is likely to have an increased capillary hydrostatic Individual pressure. (2) c) Individual 4 is likely to have an increased haematocrit. (1) 1 2 3 4 Normal values Extracellular fluid (ECF) 17 12 12 16 14 volume (ℓ) Intracellular fluid (ICF) 28 29 28 27 28 volume (ℓ) Use the data in the table above to answer the following questions. To answer questions 1-4, choose the single best answer by circling the appropriate answer (a, b, c or d) on your answer sheet. 1. The individual with isotonic dehydration is most likely to be a) individual 1. b) individual 2. c) individual 3. d) individual 4. (1) 2. The individuals most likely to have decreased urine production (as a compensatory mechanism for their body fluid imbalance) are individuals a) 1 and 3. b) 1 and 4. c) 2 and 3. d) 2 and 4. (1) 3. The hydration status of individual 2 is most likely as a result of a) decreased water intake. b) decreased ability of the kidneys to reabsorb sodium. c) excessive blood loss (haemorrhage). d) vomiting. (1) 4. Individual 4’s hydration status is most likely to result in a) decreased ECF osmolarity and decreased ICF osmolarity. b) decreased ECF osmolarity and increased ICF osmolarity. c) increased ECF osmolarity and decreased ICF osmolarity. d) increased ECF osmolarity and increased ICF osmolarity. (1) 5 APQ 2 5. Giving physiological explanations for your answers, decide whether the following statements are correct or incorrect: The results of blood tests from four patients (1, 2, 3 and 4) with anaemia are shown a) Patient 2 is likely to have chronic renal failure. (2) in the table below. b) Patient 3 is likely to present with a lower than normal mean cell haemoglobin (MCH). (2) Patient c) Patient 4 is likely to present with a lower than normal mean cell haemoglobin (MCH). (2) 1 2 3 4 Normal range Haematocrit (%) 30 27 20 28 45-55% Mean cell volume (10-15ℓ) 86 90 100 70 79.1-98.9 Unconjugated bilirubin 60 4 16 11