Fluid Movement and Extracellular Volume

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Questions and Answers

What happens to extracellular fluid (ECF) volume during hypotonic fluid loss?

It increases significantly.

It remains unchanged.

It decreases. (correct)

It fluctuates unpredictably.

Which of the following is NOT a component of plasma?

Albumin

Bicarbonate ions

Erythrocytes (correct)

Fibrinogen

What is the function of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump?

It only allows sodium influx into the cell.

It maintains resting membrane potential. (correct)

It synthesizes neurotransmitters.

It transports calcium ions out of the cell.

During the depolarization phase of a neuronal action potential, which of the following occurs?

Sodium ions (Na+) diffuse into the cell. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about neurotransmitter release in a chemical synapse is true?

It involves the release of neurotransmitters via exocytosis. Signup and view all the answers

How does neuronal conduction velocity differ among neuron types?

It is slower in C-class fibres than in A-class fibres. Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of acetylcholine release being blocked by botulinum toxin?

Skeletal muscle paralysis. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ions is mainly responsible for creating the resting membrane potential?

Potassium ions (K+) Signup and view all the answers

What condition results in a decreased haematocrit?

Isotonic overhydration Signup and view all the answers

What effect does dehydration have on haematocrit levels?

Increases haematocrit Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the immune system do red blood cells NOT actively participate in?

Producing antibodies Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would the Na+/K+-ATPase pump be least active?

Upon complete cellular depolarization Signup and view all the answers

What results from an increased extracellular fluid volume?

Decreased plasma osmolarity Signup and view all the answers

How does chronic iron deficiency anaemia primarily affect erythrocytes?

It promotes hypochromic erythrocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes capillary permeability's role in fluid dynamics?

Decreased permeability reduces the movement of fluid into the interstitium. Signup and view all the answers

What action do ion channels perform during action potentials?

Facilitate rapid changes in membrane potential Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is classified as an amino acid neurotransmitter?

Glutamate Signup and view all the answers

What physiological effect does an increase in the conductance of the post-synaptic membrane to potassium ions result in?

Inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the action of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)?

Stimulated by β-adrenergic receptor activation Signup and view all the answers

What is the physiological consequence of the plateau phase in a cardiomyocyte action potential?

Calcium ion influx Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the autonomic preganglionic fibers?

They are unmyelinated Signup and view all the answers

What role does intracellular calcium play in smooth muscle contraction?

Stimulates contraction by facilitating actin-myosin interaction Signup and view all the answers

Which option correctly describes the relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic effects on the heart?

Sympathetic effects increase heart rate while parasympathetic effects decrease it Signup and view all the answers

What is the main outcome of inhibition of synapsin-1 activity?

Reduction in vesicle mobilization Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Fluid Movement

Decreased extracellular fluid (ECF) volume increases fluid movement out of a capillary into the interstitium.
Increased capillary permeability to protein increases fluid movement out of a capillary into the interstitium.
Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure increases fluid movement out of a capillary into the interstitium.
Increased interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure increases fluid movement out of a capillary into the interstitium.
Decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure increases fluid movement out of a capillary into the interstitium.

Extracellular Fluid Volume

Increased extracellular fluid volume can result from excessive sweating, blood loss, or intravenous infusion of a hypertonic solution.
Increased extracellular fluid volume results in a decreased hematocrit.

Isotonic Overhydration

Isotonic overhydration results in increased extracellular fluid (ECF) volume.
Increased extracellular fluid volume can result from excessive sweating.
Blood loss can result in increased extracellular fluid volume.

Plasma

Components of plasma include fibrinogen, bicarbonate ions (HCO3-), albumin, and erythrocytes.

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin transports oxygen.

Red Blood Cells

Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow.
Red blood cells are not nucleated.
Red blood cells are not components of the immune system.
Red blood cells transport carbon dioxide.
Red blood cells hemolyse when suspended in a 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl) solution.

Hematocrit

Dehydration increases hematocrit.
A person living at high altitude compared to a person living at sea level has an increased hematocrit.
An incompatible blood transfusion increases hematocrit.
Erythropoietin increases hematocrit.
Folate deficiency decreases hematocrit.

Iron Deficiency Anemia

Chronic iron deficiency anemia results in hypochromic erythrocytes.
Chronic iron deficiency anemia results in a decreased hematocrit.
Chronic iron deficiency anemia results in fewer circulating reticulocytes.

Na+/K+ ATPase Pump

The Na+/K+ ATPase pump transports sodium ions (Na+) against their concentration gradient.
The Na+/K+ ATPase pump transports potassium ions (K+) against their concentration gradient.
The Na+/K+ ATPase pump maintains the resting membrane potential.
The Na+/K+ ATPase pump requires energy.

Depolarization Phase of Neuronal Action Potential

During the depolarization phase of a neuronal action potential, sodium ions (Na+) diffuse into the cell.
During the depolarization phase of a neuronal action potential, the voltage-gated sodium (Na+) channel’s inactivation gates are closed.
During the depolarization phase of a neuronal action potential, the membrane potential becomes positive.

Neuronal Conduction Velocity

Neuronal conduction velocity is slower in C-class fibers than in A-class fibers.
Neuronal conduction velocity is slower unmyelinated neurons than in myelinated neurons.
Neuronal conduction velocity is slower in neurons with a narrow diameter than in neurons with a wide diameter.
Neuronal conduction velocity is slower at low temperatures than at high temperatures.

Synapses

In a chemical synapse, neurotransmitter release occurs via exocytosis.
In a chemical synapse, neurotransmitters bind to metabotropic receptors, which stimulate post-synaptic intracellular second messengers.
In a chemical synapse, neurotransmitters are degraded by enzymes.

Acetylcholine

Acetylcholine is broken down by acetylcholine esterase.
Acetylcholine release is blocked by botulinum toxin.
Acetylcholine is a muscarinic agonist.

Skeletal Muscle Contraction

Antibodies binding to nicotinic receptors inhibit skeletal muscle contraction.
Decreased acetylcholinesterase activity inhibits skeletal muscle contraction.
Adrenergic agonists inhibit skeletal muscle contraction.
Muscarinic antagonists inhibit skeletal muscle contraction.
Inhibition of synapsin-1 activity inhibits skeletal muscle contraction.

Sympathetic Nervous System

The sympathetic nervous system contains postganglionic cholinergic neurons.
The sympathetic nervous system has a higher ratio of preganglionic to postganglionic neurons (high divergence) than the parasympathetic nervous system.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

The parasympathetic nervous system contains terminal ganglia.
The parasympathetic nervous system activation causes urine retention.

Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) Second Messenger

cAMP is activated by G-protein-coupled receptor activation.
cAMP is inhibited by the action of phosphodiesterase.
cAMP is stimulated by β-adrenergic receptor activation.
cAMP is involved in smooth muscle release of endoplasmic reticulum calcium.

Post-synaptic Membranes

An increase in the conductance of the post-synaptic membrane to potassium (K+) ions results in an inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP).
An increase in the conductance of the post-synaptic membrane to chloride (Cl-) ions results in an inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP).

Action Potentials

The slow closing of voltage-gated potassium (K+) channels results in hyperpolarization.
The plateau phase of a cardiomyocyte action potential results from calcium ion (Ca2+) influx.

Neurotransmitters

Amino acid neurotransmitters include glutamate.

Autonomic Nervous System

Autonomic preganglionic fibers are myelinated.
Somatic motor neurons are efferent fibers.
The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) carries parasympathetic nerve fibers.
Sympathetic and parasympathetic effects on the heart are antagonistic.
Intracellular calcium is required for smooth muscle contraction.

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Description

This quiz covers the principles of fluid movement in relation to extracellular fluid (ECF) volume. It explores the effects of various factors such as capillary permeability, hydrostatic pressure, and plasma colloid osmotic pressure on fluid dynamics. Test your understanding of isotonic overhydration and its implications on ECF volume.