BSC 227 Fall 2024 Final Study Guide PDF

Review Final Exam BSC 227 Fall 2024 1. Know formed elements of blood Cell and cell fragments Erythrocytes (red blood cells) 40% Leukocytes (white blood cells) 1% Platelets (fragments of bone marrow Plasma (clear fluid) 55% 2. White count infection values White blood...

Review Final Exam BSC 227 Fall 2024 1. Know formed elements of blood Cell and cell fragments Erythrocytes (red blood cells) 40% Leukocytes (white blood cells) 1% Platelets (fragments of bone marrow Plasma (clear fluid) 55% 2. White count infection values White blood cells go into connective tissue, they protect against pathogens Granulocytes: BEN Basophils- 40 cells;8-10 mu -stable -increase with chickenpox, sinusitis, diabetes mellites, and polycythemia \- large and irregular in shape Eosinophils- 170 cells; 10-14 um \- fluctuate from day and night, seasonally, and with cycle -increases with parasites, infections, allergies, collagen disease, and spleen disease \- two large lobes connected by thin strand Neutrophils- 4,150 cells; 9-12um (Zits) - Increases in bacterial infections - 3-5 lobes in s or c shape Agranulocytes Monocytes- 460;12-15um -increase in viral infections and inflammation Lymphocytes- 2,200 cells - Increases in diverse infection and immune responses 3. Know about proteins in the blood \- will last about 14 days without food, 3 days without water \- albumins (helps heal wounds) 60%; blood viscocity and osmolarity \- globulins (transportation) 36% \- fibrinogen (inactive precursor zymogen) 4%; blood clots 4. Know name regarding blood production Thrombopoiesis- forming of the platelets Hematopoietic stem cells become megakaryoblasts Megakaryocytes sprout proplatelet tendrils in red marrow Proplatelets are broken into platelets within lungs 5. Know about plasma and components More than half of blood (mostly water) Contains: proteins Nutrients Electrolytes Nitrogenous waste Hormones Gases 6. Know granular white cells Basophils Eosinophils Neutrophils 7. Know cells that increase with allergies Eosinophils 8. Know antibody secreting cells Lymphocytes 9. Maturation of B and T cells B cells mature in Bone marrow T cells mature in Thymus 10. Platelets come from what and their purpose Platelets come from small fragments of megakaryocytes Aid in blood clots - -vasoconstricting \- clot dissolving \- WBC attraction -destroy bacteria -stimulate mitosis for healing 11. Know about Leukopenia While blood cell deficiency -heavy metal poisioning -radiation 12. Know Pulmonary vs Systemic circuits Pulonmary- blood flows from right heart to the lungs Systemic- blood flows from left heart to all organs 13. Which Valves close when atrial and/or ventricles contract Atrioventricular valves close when ventricles contract 14. Which valves open or close when ventricles relax Semilunar valves close when ventricles relax 15. Where does blood go upon returning from lungs To the left ventricle 16. Heart pacemaker is the Sinoatrial node 17. Left vagus nerve innervates what and R vagus innervates what Right vagus- SA node Left vagus- AV node 18. Contraction of the heart is Systole Relax= diastole 19. Can the heart regenerate itself Sometimes 20. Lymph have flaps that go which way One way 21. What do the major lymph ducts drain per the power points Right side is drained by lympatic duct Left side is drained by thoracic duct 22. Know the lymphatic cells Neutrophils- pimples NK cells (natural killer)- attack and kill cells T cells (thymus dependent - cytotoxic helper regulatory memory - plasma - memory B 23. Know about the MALT locations Moist areas; Respiratory Digestive Reproductive Urinary 24. Function of lymph nodes Cleanse lymph and act as a site of T and B cell activation 25. Largest lymphatic organ Spleen 26. Innate vs Adaptive immunity Innate= quick \- inflammation -fever Adaptive= 5-7 days \- humoral: B and lymphocytes and antibodies -cellular; cytotoxic T cells 27. Cells responsible for making sperm Germ cells 28. Sperm use what for energy Fructose sugar 29. Breast cancer numbers in women according to text In 1 of every 8-9 women 30. Most common tumor in young men Testicular cancer 31. Females first menses 32. 45 33. 32\. Layer that helps push fetus out of birth canal Myometrium- smooth muscle that pushes baby out