Phonology PDF

BIK 10103 PHONOLOGY  CONTENT 1. Phonology 2. Phonemes 3. Allophones 4. Phonological rules 5. Flaps 6. Assimilation WHAT IS PHONOLOGY ?  The study of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language.  refers both to the linguistic knowledge that speaker...

BIK 10103 PHONOLOGY  CONTENT 1. Phonology 2. Phonemes 3. Allophones 4. Phonological rules 5. Flaps 6. Assimilation WHAT IS PHONOLOGY ?  The study of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language.  refers both to the linguistic knowledge that speakers have about the sound patterns of their language and to description of that linguist try to produce. PHONEMES The smallest contrastive unit in sound of language (SMALLEST LINGUISTIC UNIT) Meaning-distinguishing Pronunciation and the sound uttered Different sound  Enclosed within virgules (SLASHES)  / / - shows that each enclose symbol is claimed to be phonemically meaningful  ALLOPHONES Different versions of sound type regularly produced in actual speech. Phonetic units that appear in square bracket [ ] Example : [ c ] [ a ] [ t ] Allophones – group of several phones ASPIRATED SOUND  To pronounce with ‘ h’ sound  To pronounce with a breath  Example : kick , kit ,star [ k h] [ i ] [ c ] [ k ] [ kh] [ i ] [ t ] [ s ] [ th ] [ a ] [ r ] NON-ASPIRATED SOUND  To pronounce without ‘h’ sound  To pronounce without breath  Example : skill , skin [ s ] [ k ] [ i ] [ l ] [ l ] [ s ] [ k ] [ i ] [ n ] MINIMAL PAIR & SETS  MINIMAL PAIR  Minimal pairs are pairs of words that except for one phonemic difference sound alike.  A minimal pair consists of two forms with distinct meanings that differ by only one segment found in the same position in each form.  The one phoneme difference can make a significant difference in meaning between the two words.  Example : fan-van, bet-bat, site-side  MINIMAL SETS  More than two of minimal pairs will form one of minimal sets.  Example based on the vowel : [(feat, fit), (fat, fate), (fought, foot)]  Example based on consonant : [ (big, pig),( rig, fig), (dig,wig) ] RULES OF PHONOLOGY Assimilation, Dissimilation Elision Insertion and Deletion  ASSIMILATION  Process of making one sound more like a neighboring one with respect to some features. (Denham, 2013)  Speech segment becomes more like that of another segment in a word. (Yule, Example : "don't be silly" where the /n/ and /t/ in "don't" are assimilated to /m/ and /p/ by the following /b/, where said naturally in many accents and discourse styles ("dombe silly").  Can you think of other examples?  ASSIMILATION RULES 1. Vowel nasalization 2. Alveolar nasal assimilation 3. Nasal assimilation 4. Palatalization  DISSIMILATION A phenomenon whereby similar consonant or vowel sounds in a word become less similar. Process causing two neighboring sounds to become less alike with respect to some features. (Denham, 2013) When a syllable is unstressed, it may drop out altogether. Example : "deteriate" for deteriorate, "tempature" for temperature, and "apeture" for aperture. DISSIMILATION 1. Dissimilation of liquids and nasal sounds 2. Dissimilation of fricative sounds  ELISION  The omission of a final or initial sound in pronunciation.  The omission (sometimes indicated in print by an apostrophe) of an unstressed vowel, consonant, or syllable. Verb: elide.  The act or an instance of omitting something. Example :  comfortable:/ˈkʌmfərtəbəl/→ /ˈkʌmftərbəl/  fifth:/ˈfɪfθ/→ /ˈfɪθ/  him:/hɪm/→ /ɪm/ INSERTION  Process causing a segment not present at the phonemic level to be added to the phonetic form of a word. (Denham. 2013)  In this kind of process, a sound is added that is not present in slow pronunciation or spelling.  For example, when we pronounce the word hamster at a regular speed, most of us will say and hear hampster with a p. INSERTION 1. Insertion of vowels 2. Insertion of consonants 3. Insertion of voiceless stop 4. Insertion of /y/ DELETION  Process causing a segment present at the phonemic level to be deleted at the phonetic level of a word. (Denham, 2013)  In linguistics, deletion is the removal of a sound from a word, often for easier pronunciation.  For instance, the word infrared is often pronounced [ɪnfərɛd] infared.  Like dissimilation or assimilation, deletion makes a word easier to pronounce. DELETION 1. Deletion of /r/ after vowels 2. Deletion of fricative next to fricative 3. Deletion of like sounds or syllables  Word Stress In many languages, including English, one or more of the syllables in every content word is stressed. A stressed syllable, marked by an accute accent (‘ ) Example : Pervert noun as in My neighbor is a ‘pervert. Pervert verb as in Don’t pe‘rvert the idea. Can you think of other examples? Stress can be shown by placing: a) over the primary stressed syllable, b) over the syllable with secondary stress, and leaving unstressed vowels unmarked.  Stress is the property of the syllable rather than a segment.  To produce a stressed syllable, you may change the pitch, make the syllable louder, or make it longer.  We often use all three of these phonetic means to stress a syllable.  Why is word stress important? There are two reasons :  Stressing the wrong syllable in a word can make it very difficult to understand.  Stressing a different syllable can sometimes change the meaning of the word desert dessert If the stress is wrong, your listener can feel stressed.  Rules of Word Stress in English There are two very simple rules about word stress: 1. One word has only one stress. 2. Two stresses cannot be one word. It is true that there can be a "secondary" stress in some words. But a secondary stress is much smaller than the main primary stress and is only used in long words. We can only stress vowels, not consonants. More rules…1st  Stress on 1st syllable Rules Examples Most 2-syllable nouns PRESent, EXport, CHIna, TAble Most 2-syllable PRESent, SLENder, adjectives CLEVer, HAPpy  2 nd rule  Stress on last syllable Rules Examples Most 2-syllable verbs to preSENT, to exPORT, to deCIDE, to beGIN 3. Stress on penultimate syllable (penultimate = second from end) Rules Examples Words ending in –ic GRAPHic, geoGRAPHic, geoLOGic Words ending in –sion and -tion teleVIsion, reveLAtion 4.Stress on ante-penultimate syllable (ante-penultimate = third from end) Rules Examples Words ending in -cy, -ty, -phy deMOcracy, dependaBIlity, and -gy phoTOgraphy, geOLogy Words ending in -al CRItical, geoLOGical 5. Compound words (words with two parts) Rules Examples For compound nouns, the BLACKbird, GREENhouse stress is on the first part For compound adjectives, the bad-TEMpered, old-FASHioned stress is on the second part For compound verbs, the stress to underSTAND, to overFLOW is on the second part  Rising and Falling Rising tone : the end of ‘YES / NO’ question Falling tone : the end of WH.. question  Indicate EMOTION According to traditionally systems :  Rising is more emphatic which usually use in martial or heroic.  Falling is gentler and more lyrical. PITCH Based on the frequency in which the vocal cord vibrate pitch of voice depends on the frequency of vocal cords vibration (Hani Abdulsattar, n.d) Identify the pitch of the word ‘cat’  “that’s a cat?”  “yup, that’s a cat”  “a cat? I thought it was a mountain lion.” Variation of pitch refers as tone TONE  Variation in the pitch of the voice while speaking  Pitch helps to distinguish words and grammatical categories. (Roach. P, 2001) Lexical and Grammatical Use of Tone  The meaning (as appeared in dictionary is determined by its tone)  Mostly it can be seen clearly in tonal languages such as Mandarin and Vietnamese TONE SYMBOLS  Level – boredom or disinterest  Rising – question form or doubt  Falling – neutral statement  Falling-Rising – skepticism and cynical  Rising-Falling – empathic statement  https://youtu.be/iy3L1vzCCkc