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Questions and Answers
What is the main focus of phonology as a field of study?
What is the main focus of phonology as a field of study?
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What are phonemes, and what property defines them?
What are phonemes, and what property defines them?
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How are phonemes typically represented in writing within the field of phonology?
How are phonemes typically represented in writing within the field of phonology?
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What are allophones, and how do they relate to phonemes?
What are allophones, and how do they relate to phonemes?
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What is the difference between aspirated and non-aspirated sounds? Give an example.
What is the difference between aspirated and non-aspirated sounds? Give an example.
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What is a minimal pair, give an example using the letters P and B.
What is a minimal pair, give an example using the letters P and B.
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What is a minimal set? Give an example.
What is a minimal set? Give an example.
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Define assimilation in phonology.
Define assimilation in phonology.
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What phonetic changes can you make to a syllable to produce stress?
What phonetic changes can you make to a syllable to produce stress?
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Why is word stress important for listeners?
Why is word stress important for listeners?
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How many stresses does a single word have?
How many stresses does a single word have?
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Can consonants be stressed?
Can consonants be stressed?
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According to the rules discussed, where is the stress usually placed in most two-syllable nouns and adjectives?
According to the rules discussed, where is the stress usually placed in most two-syllable nouns and adjectives?
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According to the rules discussed, where is the stress usually placed in most two-syllable verbs?
According to the rules discussed, where is the stress usually placed in most two-syllable verbs?
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Where is the stress usually placed in words ending in '-ic'?
Where is the stress usually placed in words ending in '-ic'?
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Where is the stress usually placed in words ending in '-cy', '-ty', '-phy', or '-gy'?
Where is the stress usually placed in words ending in '-cy', '-ty', '-phy', or '-gy'?
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What part of a compound noun typically receives the stress?
What part of a compound noun typically receives the stress?
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In tonal languages, how does tone affect meaning?
In tonal languages, how does tone affect meaning?
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What is the difference in pitch when asking a YES/NO question versus a WH-question?
What is the difference in pitch when asking a YES/NO question versus a WH-question?
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How is the stress placed in a compound verb?
How is the stress placed in a compound verb?
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What do tone symbols indicate in speech?
What do tone symbols indicate in speech?
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What is assimilation in phonetics?
What is assimilation in phonetics?
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Can you provide an example of alveolar nasal assimilation?
Can you provide an example of alveolar nasal assimilation?
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What is dissimilation and why does it occur?
What is dissimilation and why does it occur?
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Give an example of elision in spoken language.
Give an example of elision in spoken language.
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Explain what is meant by insertion in phonetics.
Explain what is meant by insertion in phonetics.
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What is deletion in phonetics and provide an example.
What is deletion in phonetics and provide an example.
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How does word stress affect pronunciation?
How does word stress affect pronunciation?
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What role do unstressed syllables play in elision?
What role do unstressed syllables play in elision?
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Flashcards
Phonology
Phonology
The study of systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language.
Phoneme
Phoneme
The smallest contrastive unit in sound that distinguishes meaning in a language.
Allophone
Allophone
Different versions of a phoneme produced in actual speech, represented in square brackets [ ].
Minimal Pair
Minimal Pair
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Aspirated Sound
Aspirated Sound
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Non-Aspirated Sound
Non-Aspirated Sound
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Assimilation
Assimilation
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Phonological Rules
Phonological Rules
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Vowel Nasalization
Vowel Nasalization
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Compound Nouns
Compound Nouns
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Compound Adjectives
Compound Adjectives
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Elision
Elision
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Compound Verbs
Compound Verbs
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Insertion
Insertion
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Deletion
Deletion
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Rising Tone
Rising Tone
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Falling Tone
Falling Tone
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Word Stress
Word Stress
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Nasal Assimilation
Nasal Assimilation
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Stressed syllable
Stressed syllable
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Primary stress
Primary stress
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Secondary stress
Secondary stress
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Importance of stress
Importance of stress
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Word stress rules
Word stress rules
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Stress on first syllable
Stress on first syllable
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Stress on last syllable
Stress on last syllable
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Penultimate stress
Penultimate stress
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Study Notes
Phonology Overview
- Phonology is the study of systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language.
- It encompasses the linguistic knowledge speakers have about the sound patterns of their language and the description of how linguists try to produce them.
Phonemes
- Phonemes are the smallest contrastive units in the sound of a language.
- They are the smallest linguistic units.
- Phonemes distinguish meaning.
- They differentiate pronunciation and the sounds uttered.
- Different sounds can be represented by the same phoneme or set of allophones.
Allophones
- Allophones are different versions of a sound type regularly produced in actual speech.
- They are phonetic units enclosed in square brackets [ ].
- For example, [c][a][t] are allophones.
Phonological Rules
- Phonological rules include assimilation, dissimilation, elision, insertion, and deletion.
Assimilation
- Assimilation is the process of making one sound more like a neighboring one in terms of some features.
- A speech segment becomes more like that of another segment in a word.
- For example, in "don't be silly," the /n/ and /t/ in "don't" are assimilated to /m/ and /p/ respectively by the following /b/.
Assimilation Rules
- Vowel nasalization
- Alveolar nasal assimilation
- Nasal assimilation
- Palatalization
Dissimilation
- Dissimilation is a phenomenon where similar consonant or vowel sounds in a word become less similar.
- It causes neighboring sounds to become less alike in certain features.
- Syllables with reduced stress are often omitted, as in "deteriorate" vs. "deteriate."
Dissimilation Subcategories
- Dissimilation of liquids and nasal sounds
- Dissimilation of fricative sounds
Elision
- Elision is the omission of a final or initial sound in pronunciation.
- It often involves unstressed vowels, consonants, or syllables.
- An example is the omission of a vowel in pronunciation: "comfortable" is pronounced as /'kʌmftərbəl/.
Insertion
- Insertion is the process of adding a segment to the phonetic form of a word that is not present in the phonemic level or slow pronunciation.
- An example is the addition of a sound to pronounce "hamster" as "hampster."
Deletion
- Deletion is the removal of a sound from a word for easier pronunciation
- The word "infrared" may be pronounced as "[Infərɛd]".
- Deletion of /r/ after vowels
- Deletion of fricatives near fricatives
- Deletion of similar sounds or syllables
Word Stress
- It distinguishes the meaning of a word with different syllables.
- A primary stressed syllable is marked with an acute accent (').
- Examples of words with stressed syllables include "pervert" (noun) and "pervert" (verb).
Rules of Word Stress in English
- One word has only one primary stress.
- Secondary stress, while sometimes found, is less prominent than primary stress and primarily used in longer compounds.
Additional Word Stress Rules
- Stress on the first syllable: e.g., Present, Export, Cinema, Table
- Stress on the last syllable: e.g., to present, to export, to decide, to begin
- Stress on the penultimate syllable: e.g., graphic, geographic, geologic, television, revelation
- Stress on the ante-penultimate syllable: e.g., democracy, dependency, photography, geology; critical, geological
Compound Words
- Compound nouns are stressed on the first part. e.g., "Blackbird", "greenhouse"
- Compound adjectives are stressed on the second part. e.g., "Bad-Tempered", "old-Fashioned"
- Compound verbs are stressed on the second part. e.g., "to understand", "to overflow"
Tone of Speech
- Tone refers to a variation in vocal pitch.
- Rising tone is often used for questions.
- Falling tone is used for emphatic or declarative statements.
- Rising tone is used more for emotional expression in martial or heroic scenarios.
- Falling tone is used for more gentle or lyrical expression.
Tone Symbols
- Level tone indicates boredom or disinterest
- Rising tone indicates question or doubt
- Falling tone indicates a neutral statement
- Falling-rising tone indicates skepticism or cynicism
- Rising-falling tone indicates empathy or emotional statement
Pitch
- Pitch is based on the frequency of vocal cord vibration.
Variations of Pitch
- Pitch of the word "cat" varies depending on context
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Description
Test your knowledge on the essential concepts of phonology including phonemes, allophones, and stress patterns. This quiz delves into the characteristics of sound and their classifications within language. Assess your understanding of key phonological terms and principles.
