Phonological Rules PDF

PHONOLOGICAL RULES  CONTENT 01 02 ASSIMILATION DISSIMILATION 03 04 INSERTION DELETION 05 06 METATHESIS STRENGTHENING 07 WEAKENING 01...

PHONOLOGICAL RULES  CONTENT 01 02 ASSIMILATION DISSIMILATION 03 04 INSERTION DELETION 05 06 METATHESIS STRENGTHENING 07 WEAKENING 01 ASSIMILATION Phonological process in which a sound changes to resemble a nearby sound and can occur both forward and backward, within a word or between words. alveolar stop assimilation EXAMPLE The prefix in- where sometimes it appears as in– and others as im-. In front of bilabial words, like put or between, in– is pronounced with an m, “imput” or “im between.” EXAMPLE “handbag” ---> /hænd.bæg/ ---> /hæm.bæg/ EXAMPLES (between words) “I live in Bahrain.” letter b, m, and p “There were ten kings.” “There were ten girls.” /n/ changes to /ŋ/ before k and g EXAMPLES “Those are nice shoes.” s changes to / ʃ / before / ʃ / “Fourth Sunday” / ɵ / changes to s before s EXAMPLES “Nice to meet you!” /mi:t ju:/ /mi:ʧə/ t followed by j changes to / ʧ / “Would you like to come” “I need your help” d followed by j changes to / ʤ / 02 DISSIMILATION Phonological process in which two close sounds, similar consonants or vowels, change to become less alike. fricative dissimilation EXAMPLE Manner dissimilation in which a stop becomes a fricative when followed by another stop. The word sixth is pronounced sikst where /sθ/ becomes /st/. 03 INSERTION Phonological process in which a sound is added to a word. voiceless stop insertion/glottal stop insertion EXAMPLE Voiceless stop insertion where, between a nasal consonant and a voiceless fricative, a voiceless stop with the same place of articulation as the nasal consonant is inserted. In English, many add a /p/ to hamster and say “hampster”. EXAMPLE “strength” 04 DELETION/ ELISION Phonological process in which speech sounds disappear from words. Unstressed vowel deletion EXAMPLE Vowels can be deleted to make one-syllable words that are easier to pronounce in a fast manner. Police becomes “plice”, and friendship is said as “frienship”. 05 METATHESIS Phonological process in which sounds switch places in the phonemic structure of a word. EXAMPLE To make words easier to pronounce and understand, letters are switched. Two historical examples include Old English (brid and aks) becoming Modern English (bird and ask). EXAMPLE “I asked her a simple question.” “æskt” ----- “ækst” EXAMPLE contiguous “asterisk” ---> “asteriks” non-contiguous “periculum” ----> “peligro” 06 STRENGTHENING Phonological process in which a sound is made stronger. Also called as Fortition EXAMPLE Aspiration is where voiceless stops become aspirated when they occur at the beginning of a stressed syllable. Top is said with an h. EXAMPLE “pat” vs “spat” 07 WEAKENING Phonological process in which a sound becomes weaker. EXAMPLE Flapping is a phonological process of weakening whereby the voiceless alveolar stop consonant phoneme /t/ is pronounced as a voiced alveolar fl ap [ ɾ ] , like in the word kitty. This usually happens before a stressed vowel and before and unstressed vowel where the sound is pronounced with articulation resembling a fl ap. EXAMPLE “write” “writer” BILISAN MO, PINDUTIN MO “Could you give me that book?” “you and me” “rider”  References https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/english/phonology/#:~:text=Insertion%20is%20the%20process %20of,and%20it%20becomes%20%2Fstr%C9%9B%C5%8Bk%CE%B8%2F. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8h0NYGrXzzI https://youtube.com/watch?v=rJ2ilVBqta0&t=29s https://icspeech.com/phonetic-symbols.html https://slideplayer.com/slide/6426457/ https://www.britannica.com/topic/fricative