Philosophy Midterms Reviewer PDF

PHILOSOPHY MIDTERMS RIGHTS vs. DUTIES RIGHTS - Entitlements or interest one is LESSON 11: RESPECT FOR allowed or permitted to pursue PERSONS...

PHILOSOPHY MIDTERMS RIGHTS vs. DUTIES RIGHTS - Entitlements or interest one is LESSON 11: RESPECT FOR allowed or permitted to pursue PERSONS - RIGHTS INTERSUBJECTIVITY - Treating the other > DUTIES IMPOSED ON OTHERS person as a person and as a nonperson. Positive rights (Social Interaction, Communication) Negative RIghts > FEATURES RELEVANT FOR - THEORETICAL LEVEL ACQUIRING RIGHTS Persons as Subject Contractual Rights Persons as Object Legal Rights Human Rights - PRACTICAL LEVEL Persons as Mean - NEGATIVE RIGHTS Persons as Ends Require others to Refrain from interfering with your actions THEORETICAL LEVEL - We consider how - Associated with Liberties the person sees, perceives, understands, or - Right to free speech, privacy, life knows the other person in relation to his/her concepts and categories. - POSITIVE RIGHTS Require others, typically the state society Persons as Subject - Someone who is to provide or ensure certain benefits or conscious and free services. Persons as Object - Something that is - Associated with Entitlements Unconscious and Unfree - CONTRACTUAL RIGHTS PRACTICAL LEVEL - We consider how the Agreements between parties, enforceable person's actions towards the other person through contracts. relates to the person's own interests, - Contracts can be Formal or Informal desires, or preferences. - LEGAL RIGHTS Persons as Means - One necessarily Granted and protected by the Legal DIsregards the person's interest. system, enforceable through national courts Persons as Ends - One necessarily - Legal rights are Temporary Rights Considers the person’s interest. - HUMAN RIGHTS Universal, inherent rights based on human dignity Human rights are Natural Human rights are Universal Human rights are inalienable > December 10, 1948 CONSEQUENTIALISM - This theory claims > Eleonor Roosevelt that a good action is one that results in good >30 Human rights or desirable consequences, vise versa. Role of Pleasure and Pain - MORAL RIGHTS Role of Agents of an Action Rights of Moral Entities or of the members of the moral community > Role of Pleasure and Pain - Hedonistic > Solely in terms of - MORAL RIGHTS OF ANIMALS experience of pleasure/pain. Due to the virtues of sentient, (The - Non-Hedonistic > NOT solely in terms of capacity to experience pleasure and pain). experience of pleasure/pain but in any form Animals are said to be moral entities of benefits. LESSONS 12: PROMOTING > Role of Agent of an Action HUMAN WELFARE Agent Relative - Egoistic > Self Welfare Agent Neutral - Non-egoistic > Welfare ETHICS - One of the branches of of all affected person philosophy that is devoted to the study of morality. FOUR KINDS OF CONSEQUENTIALISM Metaethics Agent-relative Hedonism Applied Ethics Agent-neutral Hedonism Normative Ethics Agent-relative Non-hedonism Agent-relative Non-hedonism METAETHICS - Digs deeper into the nature and meaning of ethical concepts. UTILITARIANISM - This theory claims that an action is morally good if it maximizes the APPLIES ETHICS - Focuses on the aggregate good or welfare of all affected practical application of ethical principles to persons. specific issues and real-world dilemmas. DEONTOLOGY - Deontological Ethical NORMATIVE ETHICS - Concerned with Theories also referred as duty-based or establishing moral standards that regulate right-based ethical theories right and wrong conduct. Religious Deontology - Laws of God Rational Deontology - Laws of reason Consequentialism > leads to certain consequences > Maxim - is as rule or law that we make for Deontology > Follow or violate certain ourselves when we decide to perform an rules action. Virtue Ethics > Performed by persons with certain character traits VIRTUE ETHICS - Ethical theory was first given a systematic explanation by Aristotle. - The ultimate end or goal of humans is to be happy or to flourish (Eudaimonia) JUSTICE - The concept of fairness and - Not as nomadic compares to H&G Society moral rightness in how individuals and society treat one another HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES - Involves upholding laws, ensuring equality, - Depends on cultivation of fruits, and addressing wrongs. vegetables, using hand tools. - Less nomadic Distributive Justice - Fair distribution of - They have division of labor benefits and burdens. Retributive Justice - Punishing AGRARIAN SOCIETIES wrongdoers - Depends on the cultivation of crops by Compensatory Justice - Compensating means of animals and plow to cultivate victims fields - Increased food supply LESSON 13: SOCIETY AND THE - Greater social inequalities STATE INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES - Depends on the use of mechanical means SOCIETY - James Watt - Franz Oppenheimer > Society refers to - Practice of slavery loses its significance the totality of all natural relations and institutions between man and man. POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES - Depends on electronic manipulation and transmission of information - Doing service-oriented work - Information Age STATE, SOCIETY, GOVERNMENT, NATION, AND SOVEREIGNTY STATE - Political human organization that is HUNTING AND GATHERING SOCIETIES sovereign and supreme - Depends on what nature provides for their subsistence > People/Citizen - Men and women are treated equally > Territory - Usually small in numbers > Government - They do not have hierarchical social > Sovereignty - Supreme Authority structure PASTORAL SOCIETIES GOVERNMENT - Political institution that - Depends on domestication and herding of manages affairs of the state animals - Social inequality begins to appear > Judicial Branch > Legislative Branch > Executive Branch PHYSICAL CAUSE - Principle be studied by the sciences NATION - Group of people who shared - Observable and quantifiable common language, culture, ethnicity, etc. Natural - Process of nature Human-included - Human (IT IS POSSIBLE FOR A NATION NOT TO intervention regardless on any human HAVE A STATE AND FOR A STATE TO action CONTAIN ONE OF MORE NATION) SOCIOECONOMIC CAUSE STATE POWER - Authority and ability of a - Social arrangements and economic status state to govern itself and its people > Overpopulation > Poverty SOCIETY > Community of people STATE > Political and legal entity LEGAL CAUSES GOVERNMENT > Ruling system - Within the control of the government NATION > Socio-cultural entity ATTITUDINAL CAUSES JUSTIFICATION OF THE STATE - Beliefs and values held by humans > Divine Right Theory - Causes damage to natural environment > Social Contract Theory > Consequentialist Approach THEORIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS HOMOCENTRIC VIEW - Benefit to DIVINE RIGHT THEORY humans - King or Queen get their power from God BIOCENTRIC VIEW - Consideration to - Their authority is divine and absolute any living being - People should obey without questioning UTILITARIAN VIEW - Maximizing benefits and minimizing harm for the greatest SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY members of beings - People create government to protect their rights - Government get their power from the people's consent - People can withdraw support if governments fail to protect their rights CONSEQUENTIALIST APPROACH - Actions are right if they lead to good outcomes. Vise versa - Aims to maximize Happiness or well-being (Greatest Happiness Princicle)