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PHILOSOPHY (REVIEWER) TWO SIGNIFICANT DOMAINS OF EPISTEMOLOGY WEEK 1 Rationalism Philosophy Views reason as the chief of source Et...

PHILOSOPHY (REVIEWER) TWO SIGNIFICANT DOMAINS OF EPISTEMOLOGY WEEK 1 Rationalism Philosophy Views reason as the chief of source Etymologically speaking, the word of knowledge and the most important Philosophy come from two element in the acquisition of knowledge. greek words: Philos (love) Rene Descartes well known for the quote and Sophia (wisdom) “cognito, ergo sum - I think, therefore “Love of Wisdom” I am” The discovery of philosophy be He argued that it was only through attributed to Pythagoras of Samos, experience that one could derive who was the first to use the term knowledge. “Philosopher” There is big difference between being a Empiricism lover of wisdom and a mere receiver of Assert that all of a person’s knowledge knowledge. comes from his/her five senses. For Philosophers, they aim to be wise in JOHN LOCKE who receives the concept almost all aspects of human discipline. of mind being Tabula Rosa. Inquiring and investigating all forms of human phenomena. Seek to answer to 3. Ethics questions. Also called Moral Philosophy, greek word ethos means “custom’ CORE BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY or “habit’ 1. Metaphysics Branch of philosophy, it is a discipline Derived from the greek word which aims to synthesize the concepts “Metaphysika” of right and wrong behavior. This branch of philosophy deals with the tree of nature of reality. Ethics three (3) Domains “Study of Existence” A. Metaethics - origin and meaning of ethical concepts 2. Epistemology B. Normative Ethics - part of moral Branch of philosophy deals with the philosophy concerned with the setting study of the nature and scope of of certain standards of what morality knowledge and justified beliefs. right and morally wrong. greek words: “Episteme” (knowledge) C. Applied Ethics - attempts to apply and “Logos” (to study) theories to situations in real life.  4. Aesthetics “All human beings desired the good” Branch of philosophy that deals 5. PLATO with the nature and appreciation of art, Student of Socrates and teacher of beauty, and good look. Aristotle. greek word aisthetikos which means Founder of the Academy of Athens. “of sense perception.” “The soul is immortal, even Physical ceased to exist” IMMANUEL KANT 6. ARISTOTLE - A German Philosopher considered Student of Plato and teacher of Alexander as one of the most important thinkers the Great of Europe. Contented that beauty “Father of Logic” he was the first to and art were both objectives and formalize a system of reasoning. universal. WEEK 2 HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY KNOWLEDGE AND TRUTH 1. PYTHAGORAS WHAT IS EPISTEMOLOGY? Ionian greek philosopher PHILOSOPHER AYN RAND 1990 First person to name himself a “Epistemology is a science devoted to Philosopher or lover of wisdom. the discovery of the proper method of Known for his Pythagorean acquiring and validating knowledge” theorem in geometry. PURPOSE OF EPISTEMOLOGY 2. THALES OF MILETUS 1. To show how can we acquire knowledge First person to explain the world 2. To give us a method of demonstrating and universe outside Mythological whether the knowledge we acquire is Concepts. really knowledge. Explain world as made of “Water” THE NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE Teacher of Pythagoras. AYN RAND/ (RAND 1990) 3. HERACLITUS "Mental grasp of reality reached either He believed that the world originated by perceptual observation or by a from the fire element. process of reason based on perceptual 4. SOCRATES observation" First Moral Philosopher BINSWANGER 2014 Known for socratic method When you know something Teacher of Plato (Be it the behavior of your friend, the “Stressed that man must take good movement of the planets, or care of its soul” the origin of civilizations) you  understand its nature. You identify class or group, named the group what it is. And it stays with you. ("man" or "human being") and define Knowledge is a retained form of what that group is to give it identity. awareness. 4. Proposition - A proposition is a statement that expresses either an assertion or a SO HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE KNOWLEDGE? denial (COPI, 2002) Miss Rand’s definition in two ways: Proposition is usually expressed in a First, we can acquire knowledge using declarative sentence. our senses: seeing, hearing, tasting, Classify or describe an “Existent feeling, smelling. (a particular that exist be it an ✓ JOHN LOCKE, GEORGE BERKLEY, object, a person, an action or event, DAVID HUME etc) (Rand 1990) Second, we can acquire knowledge by 5. Inference - How do we demonstrate thinking with the use of our minds that the statement is true? (What philosophers call the rational By providing an argument. faculty) This is what rationalism HURLEY 2011 advocates. an argument "is a group of statements, ✓ RENE DESCARTES, BARUCH SPINOZA one or more of which (the premises) AND GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNIZ are claimed to provide support for, or ACQUIRING KNOWLEDGE reason to believe one of the others” 1. Reality - Existence is really all there (the conclusion) is to know. If nothing exits knowledge Example: All men are mortal, is impossible. Socrates is a man, Therefore 2. Perception - Our first and only contact Socrates is mortal. with reality is through our senses. An argument expresses a Knowledge begins with perceptual reasoning process which logicians knowledge. call inference. 3. Concept - After we perceive things, we began to notice that some of the THE NATURE OF TRUTH things we perceive are similar to other ABELLA 2016 things. A belief is true if it can be justified or BINSWANGER 2014 proven through the use of one's senses Their big difference to a dog highlight Consider the ff statements: I am alive, their similarity to one another. I have body, I can breathe. PEIKOFF 1990 We therefore grouped them into one BINSWANGER 2014 while an idea, which does not Not all statements however can be correspond to reality is false. validated directly by the senses. (True of false) Some beliefs or ideas need a (Corresponds to reality) "multi-step process of validation called 2. The Coherence Theory of Truth proof'. assumes that a belief is true when we are able to confirm it with reality. TRUTH checking if the statement or belief That is the characteristic of truth. agrees with the way things really For example, the statement are, we can know the truth. "Jose Rizal died in 1896" is true. a belief can be an inaccurate You may not like that statement or description of reality that may also deny it strongly. fit in with a larger, complex system of further inaccurate descriptions OPINION of reality. However, when you say that "Jose Rizal (Accurate or inaccurate) is the greatest man who ever lived" you are stating your preference and not 3. The Pragmatist Theory of Truth facts. This is an opinion. belief/statement is true if it has a useful (pragmatic) application in the world. If it does not, then it is not true. WEEK 3 THEORIES OF TRUTH 1. The Correspondence theory of truth What we believe or say is true if it corresponds to the way things actually, are based on the facts. It argues that an idea that corresponds with reality is true