Ethics for Prelims PDF

PHILOSOPHY 5. Is there nothing? from Greek words 2. Special Metaphysics “philia” : love a. Cosmology “sophia”: wisdom - Ancient...

PHILOSOPHY 5. Is there nothing? from Greek words 2. Special Metaphysics “philia” : love a. Cosmology “sophia”: wisdom - Ancient Greek: “kosmos”: world LOVE OF WISDOM “logos”: study - strong desire of the human person to - studies the world (or universe), possess knowledge and apply it correctly including: origin, dynamics, and Love: strong desire characteristics and laws that govern its Wisdom: correct application of knowledge order PHILOSOPHY Basic Questions: - science that studies beings in their ultimate 1. What is the origin of the world? causes, reasons and principles 2. What is the basic material of which the world is - attempts to understand things in a critical formed? and logical manner 3. How do things arise? Being/s: all things that exist (material / 4. In what consists its (the world) fundamental form immaterial) or principle of order? 5. Is the world or universe infinite? Karl Jaspers - a famous German existential philosopher b. Psychology / Anthropology - understands philosophy as a discipline in - from the Greek word: which questions are more important than “psyche”: soul / mind answers, because answers themselves will, in “logos”: study turn, become questions - study of nature and dynamics of the human person as a whole - emphasis on the way the person’s mind MAJOR BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY function and behaves 1. METAPHYSICS Basic Questions: -from the Greek word: 1. What is the nature of the human person? “meta”: beyond / after 2. Is there such thing as human nature? “physika”: physical / nature 3. What if the meaning and purpose, if any, of life? - study of things beyond the physical 4. Is there life after death? - concept or things that can’t be experienced 5. How do we account for the existence of sufferings - foundation of philosophy in the world? Aristotle: first philosophy : “metaphysika”: after physics c. Natural Theology / Theodicy - God, freedom, and soul - from the Greek word: “theos”: God Subdivided into two: - study of God 1. General Metaphysics (referred to as - concerned with the justification of the Ontology) goodness of God in the face of existence - from the Greek word: of evil in the world “onto”: being / that which is “logos”: knowledge / study Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz - branch of philosophy that studies beings : German Philosopher in 18th century in their ultimate causes, reasons, and : 1710, Théodicée principles - studies the first principle / essence of Basic Questions: all things 1. Is there God? 2. What and who is God, if he exists at all? Heraclitus 3. How do we prove the existence of God? : a Greek philosopher of 6th BCE 4. If God exists, how do we justify the existence of evil : LOGOS: reason or underlying principle of all that is and suffering in the world? 5. Does a belief in God really necessary? Basic Question: 1. What is being? d. Aesthetics 2. Why do things exist, rather than not exist at all? - study of beauty 3. What is the meaning and nature of reality? 4. What is the underlying principle of all that exist? 2. EPISTEMOLOGY Ionia was a Greek city-state on the coast of Asia - from the Greek word: Minor (Turkey). “episteme”: knowledge “logos”: study Origin: MILETUS, IONIA - study of the nature and scope of knowledge and justified belief Decline of Ionia, which began its conquest by the - truth, belief, and justification Persians in 546 BCE, the intellectual life of Green moved to CROTON in southern Italy in 530 BCE. Basic Questions: 1. What is knowledge? 2. What do we know? ETHICS 3. How is knowledge acquired? 4. What is the structures and limits of knowledge? from the Greek word: 5. What makes justified beliefs justified? “ethos”: custom / character -studies the rightness and wrongness of a human 3. LOGIC action - from the Greek word: -discipline constantly evolving as a result of a change “logos”: science of correct thinking in socio-cultural and political context - study of the principles and criteria of a valid argument e.g. - distinguish sound or good reasoning from unsound Greek Tradition or bad reasoning - ethics relating the concept of “good life” Basic Questions: 1. What is the correct reasoning? Aristotle 2. What distinguishes a good argument from a bad :”NICOMACHEAN ETHICS” one? does not only present a theory of happiness 3. How can we detect a fallacy in an argument but also provides ways in which happiness is 4. What are the criteria for determining the validity of attained. an argument? 5. What are the types of logic? Judeo-Christian Tradition :ideals of righteousness before God and the love of 4. ETHICS God and neighbor – constitute the substance of - from the Greek word: ethics “ethos”: custom or habit - morality of human actions ETHICS MORALITY - how human persons ought to act - systematic study of - practice the rightness - the search for a definition of a right conduct and the underlying and wrongness of a good life principle of morality human action - end-governed rational Basic Questions: enterprise 1. What is a right conduct as that which causes the - how we ought to do realization of the greatest good? and exhorts us to 2. How do we determine a right conduct? In other follow the right way words, what makes a right conduct right? 3. What is a good life and can we attain it? TYPES OF ETHICS 4. What is the difference between human act and actions that are based on instinct? 1. Normative ethics 5. What do people think is right? - evaluative and prescriptive in nature - seeks to set norms or standards - develop guidelines or theories that tell us how we THE ORIGIN OF PHILOSOPHY ought to behave - to do good at all times Philosophic wonder : beginning of philosophy : feeling of being perplexed e.g. Immanuel Kant’s claim that an act is morally right if it Thales is done for the sake of duty. :1st Philosopher in Western World :from Miletus (richest, most powerful, and first center of scholarship) 2. Metaethics :first to put his philosophy into writing - analytical and descriptive in nature - type of ethical inquiry that aims to understand the Ethics: Killing is wrong because it violates the basic nature and dynamics of ethical principles ethical principles of “Respect for persons” or “Non- - nature and origin of moral facts maleficence” - the way in which we learn to acquire moral beliefs Morality: Do not kill because it is wrong e.g. “What is good?” “What should I be moral?” 3. Applied ethics QUIZ 1 - actual application of ethical or moral actions in a given situation 1. It investigates on the world including the laws that govern its order. Casuists: concerned with individual moral problems a. Ethics b. Ontology c. Epistemology d. Cosmology e.g. Answer: D. COSMOLOGY Abortion, Euthanasia Divided into different fields: 2. It is the title of a written work where the word a. Business ethics: ethical behavior in the Theodicy originated. corporate world a. Théodicé b. Theodicee c. Théodicée d. Theodicy b. Biomedical and environmental ethics: issues relating to health, welfare and the Answer: C. THÉODICÉE responsibility we have towards people and environment c. Social ethics: principles and guidelines that 3. The moral issue on abortion will only be regulate corporate welfare within societies understood in Metaethics. True False MORALITY Answer: FALSE from the Latin word: “mos/mores”: customary behavior 4. Ethics tells students on what they ought to do and to follow the right way. Moral / Ethical person True False - one who is good and does the right things Answer: FALSE Immoral / Unethical person - one who is bad and does what is wrong 5. It is being investigated and studied in ETHICS MORALITY philosophy. - systematic study of - rightness or a. beings b. God c. immaterial beings d. material the rightness or wrongness of human things wrongness of a human action action - practice of ethics Answer: A. BEINGS - studies the morality of human act - science of morals 6. It is in this study where one can know how to - theories make a good reasoning. Basic Ethical Principles Answer: LOGIC 1. Respect for persons 2. Truthfulness and Confidentiality 3. Autonomy and Informed Consent 7. Normative Ethics analyzes why are actions 4. Beneficence considered as right or wrong. 5. Non-maleficence True False 6. Justice Answer: FALSE e.g. The person’s moral belief that killing is wrong. 8. They are the people who are concerned with 17. It is a Greek word that is literally understood as individual moral problems, such as abortion and soul or mind. euthanasia, among others. a. logos b. kosmos c. psyche d. onto Answer: CASUISTS Answer: C. PSYCHE 9. He declared that questions are more important 18. It is where the known first philosopher came than answers for answers will later become from. questions. a. Asia Minor b. Samos c. Miletus d. Croton a. Pythagoras b. Jaspers c. Heraclitus d. Karl Jaspers Answer: C. MILETUS Answer: D. KARL JASPERS 19. It is a type of Ethics that prescribes what is the 10. He claimed that logos is the underlying right thing to be done. principle of all that is. a. Metaethics b. Applied Ethics c. Ethics d. Normative a. Plato b. Heraclitus c. Aristotle d. Socrates Ethics Answer: B. HERACLITUS Answer: A. APPLIED ETHICS 11. He was the first to declare that wonder is the 20. It is in this tradition wherein Ethics is related only beginning of philosophy. with doing what is right. a. Buddha b. Socrates c. Plato d. Thales Answer: JUDEO-CHRISTIAN TRADITION Answer: D. THALES 21. It is that branch of philosophy where the 12. It studies the nature and the limits of question Is there nothing? is asked. knowledge. a. Metaphysics b. Theodicy c. Ontology d. Cosmology a. Logic b. Epistemology c. Psychology d. Ethics Answer: ONTOLOGY Answer: B. EPISTEMOLOGY 22.Metaethics commands every human being 13. It is where the intellectual life of Greece what ought to be done and avoided. transferred after the decline of Ionia. True False a. Samos b. Croton c. Turkey d. Miletus Answer: FALSE Answer: B. CROTON 23. Business Ethics is a branch of Ethics. 14. It is that which implies correct application of True False knowledge. a. wisdom b. love c. love of wisdom d. philosophy Answer: FALSE Business Ethics is a branch of Answer: D. PHILOSOPHY 24. It is how Aristotle described or called what 15. It is that specific philosophical branch that Metaphysics is. investigates on the world, man's mind, and God. a. first science b. foundation of Logic c. first philosophy d. mother of sciences Answer: THEODICY Answer: C. FIRST PHILOSOPHY 16. It is in this philosophical science where, among others, the question What makes a right 25. It is a philosophical science where the conduct right? is being asked. structures and limitations of knowledge are properly discussed. Answer: ETHICS Answer: EPISTEMOLOGY 26. It implies the individual's desire to acquire knowledge and apply it correctly. a. sophia b. wisdom c. philo d. love of wisdom Answer: D. LOVE OF WISDOM 27. It is where Ethics in early Greek tradition is related to. Answer: GOOD LIFE 28. The question on What is good? is treated specifically in Ethics. True False Answer: TRUE 29. Morality is a theory regarding what is right and wrong action. True False Answer: FALSE 30. It is that ethical type that regulates what needs to be done and what needs to be avoided. Answer: NORMATIVE ETHICS