Philosophy 2nd Quarter Reviewer PDF

Philosophy 2^nd^ Quarter Reviewer Freedom - The human capacity to act (or not to act) as we choose or prefer without any external compulsion or restraint. - It is an intrinsic and essential property of a person. - indication of human Important freedom is the ability to MAKE CHOICES...

Philosophy 2^nd^ Quarter Reviewer Freedom - The human capacity to act (or not to act) as we choose or prefer without any external compulsion or restraint. - It is an intrinsic and essential property of a person. - indication of human Important freedom is the ability to MAKE CHOICES and PERFORM ACTIONS. Our freedom to act sets us apart from other beings. Difference of Animals and Humans +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | ANIMALS | HUMANS | +===================================+===================================+ | - Responds to commands | - can choose the course of | | | action to take when given a | | - Trained and conditioned to | stimulus or faced with a | | perform | certain situation | | | | | - act instinctively (actions | Eg: task of cleaning your room | | are predetermined responses | | | to certain stimuli) | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ Aristotle (The Power of Volition) - Volition in this sense is the faculty or power to use or discharge one\'s will. - If there were no intellect, there would be no will. The will of humanity is an instrument of free choice. It is within the power of everyone to be good or bad, or worthy or worthless. - The happiness of every human being is in his own hands, to preserve and develop, or to cast away. - For Aristotle, a human being is rational. Reason is a divine characteristic. If there were no intellect, there would be no will. St. Thomas Aquinas (Freedom is Spirituality and Love) - Freedom, for St. Thomas, is the manner intellectual beings seek universal goodness. It is a condition of the will arising from our nature being in the kind of world that we inhabit. - St. Thomas considers the human being as a moral agent. - Our spirituality separates us from animals; it delineates moral dimension of our fulfillment in an action. Through our spirituality, we have a conscience. Whether we choose to be \"good\" or \"evil\" becomes our responsibility. - St. Thomas Aquinas (Summa Theologica) establishes the existence of God as a first cause. And as God\'s creations, human beings have the unique power to change themselves and things around them for the better. Jean Paul Sartre (Individual Freedom) - Existentialism is a philosophical movement known for its inquiry on human existence, which means \"to exist\". - For Sartre, the human person builds the road to the destiny of his/her choosing; he/she is the creator. - Sartre\'s Existentialism stems from this principle: existence precedes essences (Human being is solely responsible for their actions because we choose who we are.) - Sartre emphasizes the importance of free individual choice, regardless of the power of other people to influence and coerce our desires, beliefs, and decisions. - Freedom means exercising our capacity to make decisions, change our life path and direct the course of our lives through our own steering. - Freedom is something that is exercised through our CHOICES. Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and John Locke (Theory of Social Contract) 1. [Hobbes Rousseau and Locke] define the freedom of an individual in the context of having a government to rule them (contract), which is the basis of notion of moral obligation and duty. 2. Social Contract - [an agreement where individuals sacrifice an amount of their freedom and submit to a higher authority.] 3. It is a necessity that we must assure for the government and people to work as one. From this understanding also arises certainty that we have freedom. Kinds of Freedom 1. Physical Freedom - Refers to the absence of any PHYSICAL RESTRAINT. The person has the freedom of mobility to go where he/ she wants to go. 2. Psychological Freedom - Also called as \"freedom of choice\". The person is free to perform actions that he/ she considers right and wise. A person is also free to act or not to act. - Psychological freedom is INNATE and CANNOT BE DENIED AS A PERSON. - Example - Freedom to choose your friends - Freedom to choose your partner - Freedom to choose your course in college - Freedom to be what you want to be 3. Moral Freedom - Using freedom in a manner that upholds human dignity and goodness. - Example - Doing charitable works - Participating on outreach activities - Being sensitive to the needs of other - Being prudent on the use of social media - Participating volunteer works. Positive, Negative, and Absolute Freedom +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Positive Freedom | Negative Freedom | Absolute | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | kind of freedom that | refers to the | no form of hindrance | | requires active | \"absence of | that would prevent | | effort; has control | | from doing what you | | or mastery of his/ | interference\"; | want. Should freedom | | herself and has the | absence of | be absolute? | | strength to do what | | Definitely NO- | | is good. This is | coercion or | freedom always had | | doing the right thing | interference. | its limitations. | | and exercising our | | Freedom is always | | freedom in a | The Freedom whatever | coupled with | | responsible manner. | | RESPONSIBILITY. | | For example: you will | you want. It\'s | | | finish first the | considered | | | school requirements | | | | before hanging out | negative because you | | | with friends. | | | | | failed to use freedom | | | | in | | | | | | | | a responsible manner. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ Freedom and Responsibility (Part 2 -- Ethics) Choices (Freedom comes with great responsibilities) - It is an absolute understanding that all actions have consequences. Freedom involves choice. - Chance and choosing are incommensurable. If a person has the capacity to choose, then that person can be held [responsible over the consequences of his/her actions.] - Freedom is the power to be what you want to be and the ability to decide and create your self. - Many of the characteristics that define our personality are often a product of our choices. Freedom gives you the ability to strive to achieve goal. - Freedom is rooted in the human person\'s self-determination and the exercise of intellect and free will. - A person\'s actions determine what kind of person he/ she becomes. - Freedom entails certain RESPONSIBILITY - Freedom requires a degree of control from the person who exercises it (eg: addiction, impulsive behavior) - To lose control of oneself diminishes human freedom and dehumanizes the person +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 2 Elements that define freedom | | +===================================+===================================+ | Voluntariness | Responsibility | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | refers to the ability of a person | refers to the person being | | to act out of his/ her own free | accountable for his/ her actions | | will and self-determination. | and their consequence. | | | | | \- Decisions are made out of his/ | \- A person who had no awareness | | her own free will | of the | | | | | \- Also means that a person may | effect of his/ her actions can be | | act even if he/ she is not | considered | | required or called to take | | | action. | as acting with diminished | | | freedom. | | \- Voluntary acts are free acts | | | which can be | \- Another reality that we have | | | to face as we | | assigned a corresponding moral | | | value. | experience/ exercise our freedom | | | is the fact that freedom is | | \- Whenever we decide to take | experienced through the act of | | action, this results in a certain | making choices. | | consequence. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ The Nature of the Choices We Make The Act of Making a Choice Understanding the importance of being prudent in making choices, you will realize that any deliberate act of choosing involves evaluating the alternatives. - The concept of weighing the reasons explained that when you are choosing, the act involves not only weighing the reasons but giving weight to reasons. - After you have chosen each alternative, you will realize that some considerations carry more weight than the others. That is why you choose one alternative and disregard the other. ETHICS - - - Intellectual Choice vs. Practical Choice Intellectual Choice --- This is a choice which is deliberately selected based on a moral standpoint. - - For example, when you are to decide in a moral issue, you can try to give intellectual choice as a normative answer. Here you are simply assuming because you are not, as it were, facing that actual moral situation described in the dilemma. In this case, the answers that you are inclined to give are prescriptive in this imaginary and hypothetical situation. Practical Choice a choice which is borne out of psychological and emotional considerations. - - Likewise, stress could make a person\'s practical choice inconsistent with his intellectual choice. Moral Dilemma - - - Three conditions that must be present in moral dilemmas 1\. The person or the agent of a moral action is obliged to make a decision about which course of action is best. 2\. There must be different courses of action to choose from. 3\. No matter what course of action is taken, some moral principles are always compromised. Evaluate and Exercise Prudence in Choice - - - Choices: Consequences and Sacrifices - - - How can I exercise my freedom in a responsible and beneficial manner? - - - - - The Given\" and the \"Chosen\" These \"givens\" or pre determined things do not negate our freedom but give us the opportunities to exercise our freedom when we determine ourselves. Use our freedom in a good way so that we may become better people and better versions of ourselves. The Human Person in the Environment [Environmental philosophy] Discipline that studies the moral relationship of human beings with the environment and its non-human contents. - - - Three major views on the relationship between humanity and the environment 1\. Anthropocentrism - focuses on the significant role of human kind in the world and considers nature as the means by which humans are able to meet their needs and survive. This view believes that humans are the most important species on the planet and they are free to transform nature and use its resources. 2\. Biocentrism - believes that humans are not only significant species on the planet, and that all organisms have inherent value and should be protected. This view drives the activities of humane organizations that advocate the ethical treatment of animals. 3\. Ecocentrism - places great value on ecosystems and biological communities. This view believes that humankind is part of a greater biological system or community and that we have a significant ROLE AS STEWARDS or guardians OF NATURE. Environmental Aesthetics Philosophical view that believes maintaining order in the environment will bring out the nature beauty of the surroundings and contribute the well-being of the people and the other organisms living in it. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the needs of the future generation. 3 Important Principles of Sustainability 1\. Environmental integrity refers to maintaining the state of the environment. This means that human activities should not disrupt the ecosystem and human communities located in the area. 2\. Economic efficiency refers to prudence in decision-making regarding the use of resources to ensure that there is minimum to zero waste. Prudence - ability to regulate one\'s actions and behavior. Frugality - being thrifty with the use of one\'s resources. 3\. Equity demands that we use our natural resources in such a manner that these are conserved so that the next generation will be able to use them. Prudence and Frugality Prudence and frugality are two of the many virtues that can help us in addressing various environmental problems and solving the challenges these problems have created. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Prudence | Frugality | +===================================+===================================+ | - - - | - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ How can frugality help in solving environmental problems? One of the main benefits of being a frugal person is that it is environmentally friendly. When someone is being frugal in using natural resources like electricity and water, this person is putting lesser damage on our natural environment. A frugal person usually lives out the idea of \"reduce, reuse, recycle\" just to minimize expenses. This same idea also minimizes overall environmental impact.  THEORIES IN RADICAL ECOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Deep ecology | Social Ecology | Ecofeminism | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | Arne Naess, proponent | Murray Bookchin, | It assumes that | | of Deep ecology, | proponent of Social | male-centered view of | | assumes that all | ecology, believes | nature is the root | | living things possess | that ecological | cause of ecological | | equal value and | problems can be | problems. | | intrinsic worth | traced to social | | | regardless of their | problems. | To address | | usefulness or utility | | environmental | | to other beings. | Societies that are | problems humanity has | | | structured around | to remove the | | This is experiencing | hierarchies as well | superior vs. inferior | | ourselves as part of | as economic classes | in human relations. | | the living earth and | use their authority | | | finding our role in | to dominate natural | Ecofeminism also | | protecting the | resources and exploit | believes that a | | planet. | the environment for | society that | | | | tolerates the | | | profit and | oppression of women | | | self-interest. | is directly linked | | | | with its tendency to | | | | tolerate the abuse of | | | | the environment and | | | | the degradation of | | | | nature. | | | | | | | | It also features the | | | | existing patriarchal | | | | and capitalist | | | | systems in our | | | | society as social and | | | | economic exploitative | | | | to the detrimental of | | | | women and nature. | | | | This theorv benefits | | | | the social and | | | | political agenda of | | | | both female and | | | | nature. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ The Human Person in Society (Patt 1) The Human Person in the Society plays a vital role in promoting the universal idea that humans have roles and responsibilities in their respective community and in the society as a whole What is society? What drives human beings to establish societies? - - - - - - - - The Social Contract Theory - - Social Contract Theory according to Thomas Hobbes - - - Social Contract Theory according to JOHN LOCKE - - -  Social Contract Theory according to Jean Jacques Rousseau - - - - - - - - - Intersubjectivity Part 2 Persons with Disabilities (PWDs) and Underprivileged Sectors of the Society Person\'s with Disabilities (PWD\'s) According to the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the term \"persons with disabilities\" is used to apply to those persons who have long-term physical, psychological, intellectual, or sensory impairments which in interaction with several unreasonable or discriminatory barriers may obstruct their full and active participation as equal members of the society. Paralympics Much like us, persons with certain conditions have also dreams and ambitions in life. Some of them wants to become teachers, lawyers, artists, athletes, and many more. Hellen Keller (1880- 1968) - - - Nicholas James \"Nick\" Vujicic (born 1982) - - Roselle Ambubuyog (born 1980) - - - Underprivileged Sectors of the Society - - - - - - - - - LGBTQI++ Community - - - - - - - -