Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person Grade 11 PDF

INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON GRADE 11 | SECOND QUARTER | S.Y. 2024-25 Consequences – these actions or events that directly follow the FREEDOM AND RESPONSIBILITY occu...

INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON GRADE 11 | SECOND QUARTER | S.Y. 2024-25 Consequences – these actions or events that directly follow the FREEDOM AND RESPONSIBILITY occurrence of the behavior. Consequences either increase or Freedom – is the power or right to act, speak, or think as one decrease the probability that the behavior they follow will occur wants without hindrance and restraint. again in the future. Freedom According to Philosophers Responsibility – a duty or obligation to satisfactorily perform or John Mothershead – freedom and obligation are two complete a task that one must fulfill, and which has a consequent indesponsible conditions for morality to occur. Freedom is penalty for failure. understood to be present when one is choosing a course of Legal Responsibility – what can be considered and established in action, and he or she is taking full responsibility for his actions. a court on the basis of evidence; subject to additional legal criteria. Importantly, this is anchored to the individual’s moral and rational capacity to determine what is right or wrong. Moral Responsibility – what the person actually did; subject to Kelly’s Definition – freedom is not the ability to do whatever further moral criteria. you want. Freedom is the strength of the character to do what is good, true, noble and right. Freedom without discipline is Four Types of Responsibility impossible. 1. Role Responsibility – the duties one has for doing Aristotle – “Through discipline comes freedom.” Freedom is to various things which come with occupying a certain role in have full control over yourself and are doing the things which society. matter to you the most. 2. Causal Responsibility – what caused something to happen. 3. Liability Responsibility – who is liable (accountable) for Types of Freedom something’s happening. 1. Internal Freedom – it is the greatest personal intimacy 4. Capacity Responsibility – the capacity of a person to be and secretiveness; indeed, it is the hidden core of our held liability responsible for their actions. being and unknowable by others. It is freedom from thinking; it is freedom from ideas, beliefs and from goals. It also includes freedom from interior factors such as: The Relata (Components) of Responsibility addiction and fear. 1. The Agent of Responsibility 2. External Freedom – this refers to the normal and common 2. The Object of Responsibility freedom that is expected in our daily lives, in most 3. The Party the Agent is Responsible To countries, throughout history. It is sometimes called “freedom from”. It implies immunity from undue influence Human Actions vs. Acts of Man by authority, especially the government. It also refers to Act – is performed only by a human being and thus is proper to a freedom of action, to what we can possibly do. man. Not every act that a human being does is distinctively a 3. Self Freedom – in the sense of learning how to escape human act. the ever-present danger of enslavement by overpassion and ignorance. It is the practice of self-control, restraint Acts of Man – these are actions shared by humans and other and balance to achieve master-slave relationship of soul animals. These are naturally exhibited by man, naturally over body. “To find myself” involuntary actions. Are acts of a person without proper use of 4. Political Freedom – sometimes called “freedom to”. It reason. These acts may become human acts when they are has to do with establishing certain rights of action and performed with malice or when they are directed by will. limits to government power that help guarantee the MODIFIER: Ignorance practice of those rights. It was also described as freedom from expression or coercion, the absence of disabling Human Acts – refers to appropriate actions of human beings. The conditions for an individual and the fulfillment of abiding acts or actions are done consciously and freely by man. It is done conditions or the absence of life conditions. with knowledge and consent, under our control and of his own will. 5. Collective Freedom – sometimes called as “freedom for”. ELEMENT: Knowledge It is based on the ideology of collective unity that Aritotle’s Distinction of Voluntary and Involuntary Actions prescribes moral and social values and objectives for all. 1. Voluntary Actions – these are acts originating from the 6. Spiritual Freedom – in its purest form, this type of individual performing the act using knowledge about the freedom comes from striving for a complete identification situation of the act. with God to arrive at a condition of soul that transcends the Classification of Voluntary Actions confusion and disharmony of the self and the material a. Voluntary – actions are performed by will and world. For this type, strict control if not the denial of the reason. allurements of the body leads to complete freedom of the b. Related to Compulsion – it is considered as mix of spirit. voluntary and involuntary. It is more voluntary if the ` 11 - GALILEI ADRIAN SIMON T. JALIMAO S.Y. 2024-25 INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON GRADE 11 | SECOND QUARTER | S.Y. 2024-25 desire and choice has been performed and Intersubjectivity can be defined as the sharing of subjective involuntary if it has considered preferences or states by two or more individuals. It is also the organic union of alternatives. the subjective reality and objective reality of beings. Characteristics of Voluntary Action as a Human Act a. Intention – the person acts with a purpose or goal in mind. A subject is the person experiencing an action or event. b. Knowledge – the individual is aware of what they are An object is what is being experienced. doing and understands its potential consequences. Objective Experience – an experience that is not c. Free Will – the action is chosen freely, without influenced by personal feelings or opinions and exists coercion or force. independently, outside of our perception of it. Subjective Experience – an internal experience of 2. Involuntary Actions – these are acts done under: (a) force external reality that is influenced by personal feelings or or coercion, and (b) ignorance where the doer failed to opinions that have been gathered from past experiences. understand the effect and feels sorry on the result. Classification of Voluntary Actions Intersubjectivity in Different Fields a. Under Compulsion – circumstances which are beyond the control of the person and contributes In social science, it is referred to the psychological connection between people. more to the action. b. Through Ignorance of Particular Circumstances – In philosophy, it is defined as the empathetic swapping of example: A man steals and is ignorant of the law, thoughts between two people. arrow or gun shot by mistake. In psychology, it refers to the sharing of social Characteristics of Involuntary Action as Acts of Man experiences between two people. a. Lack of Intention – the person does not consciously In literature, this term means that several characters have desire to perform the action. viewpoints that are placed within the same story. b. No Use of Free Will – the action occurs automatically often as a reflex or bodily function. Intersubjectivity according to Philosophers c. Not Subject to Moral Evaluation – because they 1. Confucious (551 – 479 B.C.E.) lack intention and control, these acts cannot be One of the main ideas of Confucianism is Ren or judged as morally good or bad. “human-centered”. It is a virtue central to the man that can be found in his sociality or intersubjectivity. Intellectual Choice vs. In this philosophy, Confucius stresses out order and Practical Choice harmony in the world. Intellectual Choice – this is a choice which is deliberately selected His aims can be achieved through practical, concrete, based on a moral standpoint. Basically, they are normative particular and perceptual ways. answers about what we ought to do from a moral system that we This means Confucian thinking on intersubjectivity is uphold and its moral principles. These normative answers would practical humanism. take into consideration the behavior which the society will accept. There is an emphasis on human actions in sociality. He calls every man to love the other through actions, not Practical Choice – a choice which is borne out of psychological through thoughts. and emotional considerations. Unlike the previously discussed type of choice, practical choices are made when confronted with the 2. Martin Buber (1878 – 1965) actual situation, and usually affected by psychological aspect of the He is a Jewish philosopher who introduced the “I-Thou” person embroiled in the moral situation or dilemma. and “I-It” relationships to embody his philosophy of intersubjectivity. INTERSUBJECTIVITY For Buber, we have to treat another person as a subject Intersubjectivity (a being different from things or objects). People are not - “inter” meaning among and between inanimate objects to be used. - “subject” meaning equivalent to our conscious being They have their own mind and free will; thus, we have to respect others as we respect ourselves. “I” refers to the Edmund Husserl (1859 – 1938) self and “Thou” or “You” refers to others. - Founder of Intersubjectivity This “I-Thou” relationship is the most meaningful - it is the interchange of our thoughts and feelings, both relationship in the realm of humanity. conscious and unconscious, between two persons or subjects The “I” is the same with the “Thou” and there should be as facilitated by empathy (Empathy – is the ability to mutual relationship between them. We can only understand and share the feelings of another). recognize the self in the context of the other. ` 11 - GALILEI ADRIAN SIMON T. JALIMAO S.Y. 2024-25 INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON GRADE 11 | SECOND QUARTER | S.Y. 2024-25 This is a “person-to-person” relation and “subject-to- subject” relation. HUMAN PERSON AND SOCIETY We need to accept, respect, be sincere and have Society dialogue with others. a. I-It Relationships comes from the Latin word “Societus” meaning - treating someone as if they are one-dimensional companionship. - only focusing on a small part of the person or a “surface” are a group of people who directly or indirectly interact with quality. each other. - relating to someone as a stereotype or a label. is a group of people who share a common culture, occupy - must be based on past experience. a particular territorial area and feel themselves to b. I-Thou Relationships constitute a unified and distinct entity. - recognizing the sacredness and spirit in each person. - treating each individual as a whole person. Society according to Philosophers - being with them mindfully in the present moment. John Locke - accepting people as they are; allowing them to be Society is formed through the consent of individuals that themselves. recognized it. This concept is known as the consent of governed. 3. Karol Wojtyla (1920 – 2005) David Gauthier He is also Pope John Paul II but as a philosopher, we According to him, the self-interest of people has a use his real name. For Wojtyla, human action is the significant factor in building and maintaining societies. foundation of our being. Prof. Wright (Charles Wright Mills) But human reality is also about being with others, so our Society is a system of relationships that exists among the actions are also directed towards others. individuals of the groups. This form of action is now called “participation”. In this theory of participation, man has the capacity to share A.W. Green (Adolphus W. Green) himself, to share to others. Society is the largest group in which individuals have This affirms that man acts and exists with others. relationships. He is a member of the community of persons, a Robert M. Maciver community of “I-You” or “We”. Society is a web of social relationships, which is always Since a man is a member of this community, his changing. experience with others gives him meaning and allows him to create meaning with others. Jurgen Habermas’ Different Social Relations and their Corresponding Interactions Aspects of Intersubjectivity 2 Kinds of Social Relationships 1. Empathy 1. Personal Is it the ability to share emotions. Interactions are based on mutual regard from each This emotion is driven by a person’s awareness that the other as persons. other is a person with thoughts and feelings. Defined by cooperation rather than competition. It enables us to experience another person’s emotions, Focus: Preservation and Development such as happiness, anger and sadness. 2. Transactional Interactions are based on regard for each other as a 2. Availability means of attaining one’s goal. The willingness of a person to be present and at the Persons are “used” to help one attain his goals to disposal of another. succeed in his plans. Be willing to help others in need. The atmosphere is competitive. 3. Ethics of Care How one treats An ethical theory that emphasizes the moral dimensions Social the other in Kind of Interaction of relationships and interactions. Relation Social This moral perspective encourages individuals to help Relationship other people, most especially the vulnerable. As an object, a means for Transactional Instrumental/Strategic attaining one’s goal (subject to object) ` 11 - GALILEI ADRIAN SIMON T. JALIMAO S.Y. 2024-25 INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON GRADE 11 | SECOND QUARTER | S.Y. 2024-25 As a fellow territory. The term's use is rooted in Latin which is subject, a fellow associated with the political divisions or orders of the Personal Communicative Action person Roman empire. (intersubjective) Tribal societies are small in scale; bound to their spatial and temporal range of relations in terms of society, law, and politics; and possess a moral code, In the Social Theory of Jurgen Habermas, cult, and wide range of belief system. Society is composed of three main spheres: The language systems of tribes are unwritten, which 1. Social system of money (economic/market) provides a narrow extent of communication. 2. Social system of power (political) At the same time, tribal societies show a self- 3. The lifeworld (It is marked by communicative cooperation) sustaining structure which is absent in modern society. This is achieved by the close connections that exist between tribal organizations, and by the According to Habermas, Social Interactions as a species focusing of a leader or person on multiple roles. helped develop two important realms: Unity and coherence exist in tribal values that are 1. Social Systems (Transactional) closely related to social groups and are provided with Examples: an intensity characteristic of all "closed" systems of a) Legal System – courts, law enforcement and thought. regulations b. Feudal Society b) Economic System – markets, distribution of goods, Feudalism refers to the economic, political, and social businesses system that prevailed in Europe from about the ninth c) Healthcare System – hospitals, clinics to the fifteenth century. Due to the lack of effective d) Education System – schools, curriculum development centralized government during this period, kings and e) Political System – government structures, political lords granted land and provided protection to lesser parties nobles known as vassals. A new economy after medieval period known as 2. The realm of Lifeworld (Personal) capitalism is still in progress. Examples: Medieval world is known for its traditional land a) Informal Interactions – family and friend relationships economy and military service, and an urban society. b) Cultural practices These led to a feudal-based social-class system and c) Community gatherings trade & commerce based on money or capital. For the urban or town environment, merchants, The development of society depends on these two artisans, and customers formed the core of the elements: society. They saw manufacture as the most important 1. Natural Reproduction – refers to the utilization and business to produce goods for sale and buy in the distribution of society’s resources for the physical survival and local market economy. Local products were to have welfare of all individual members. It is facilitated by the function an impact in other areas, such as regional fairs, port of social systems. cities, and far trade destinations. 2. Symbolic Reproduction – refers to the transmission and 2. Industrial Society renewal of cultural knowledge, the establishment of solidarity is the one which uses advance technology to drive a and cooperation and the formation of identities of person massive production industry that will support a large through socialization. population. For example, the United States is an industrial society because a huge portion of its economy is tied to jobs that involve machine work, like factory farming or auto-assembly plants, that has Historical Development of Societies and the Development a combination of machine and human employees to of Human Person can be categorized into three: produce goods. 1. Pre-Industrial Society The objective of an industrial economy is the fast and a. Tribal Society efficient manufacturing of standardized products. The The term "tribe" denotes a group of people living in a same goes if one avails a car, there is a chance that primitive setting under a leader or chief. the car was mass produced because it operates The term 'tribal society' associates it with other similarly to other models, and its parts can be meanings such as "primitive society" or "preliterate replaced with other parts because they are identical. society." 3. Post-Industrial Society The word 'tribe' has become an important technical is marked by progress from a manufacturing-based to term which pertains to a political unit in a certain a service-based economy. ` 11 - GALILEI ADRIAN SIMON T. JALIMAO S.Y. 2024-25 INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON GRADE 11 | SECOND QUARTER | S.Y. 2024-25 Post industrialization is most evident in countries and There can be no proxies or substitutes for a person regions that were among the first to experience the experiencing death. Industrial Revolution, such as the United States, 4. Non-relational western Europe, and Japan. This means that when we die, we die alone. Daniel Bell, an American sociologist, first coined the We have no choice but to face it on our own. term 'post-industrial' in 1973 in his book "The Coming Death also removes all our relations to others. of Post-Industrial Society: A Venture in Social In contemplating death, we realize our own Forecasting," which describes several features of this individuality and independence from the world. kind of society. Post-industrial societies are 5. Not to be outstripped characterized by: Death cannot be taken away from a person. o a). a shift from the production of goods to Even the person himself cannot remove the possibility the production of services; of death in his life. o b). the replacement of manual laborers with One cannot make him/herself live forever. technical and professional workers (computer engineers, doctors, and bankers) as the direct production of goods is moved 2: Death and Authenticity elsewhere; Authenticity is an idea mostly used in existentialism which o c). the replacement of practical knowledge means having true and meaningful existence. It is also the with theoretical knowledge; degree to which a person’s actions are congruent with his/her o d). focusing to the theoretical and ethical values and desires, despite external pressures to social implications of new technologies, which conformity. helps society avoid some of the negative features of introducing new technologies, According to Soren Kierkegaard, we have to avoid the crowd – concerning environment and energy; the majority of society which we think that should be the pattern o e). the development of recent scientific of our lives. disciplines that involve new forms of Another reason why we fail to lead an authentic life is fear. Just information technology, cybernetics, or because we are afraid of the possible consequences and what artificial intelligence to evaluate the others might say, we fail to pursue what we truly want in life. theoretical and ethical implications of new This challenge of authenticity is one of the most important technologies; messages of death. And as we accept death, we realize the o f). an emphasis on the university and value of having a true life – an authentic life. polytechnic institutes which produce graduates who innovate and lead the new To live with authenticity means: technologies contributing to a postindustrial Acknowledging mortality society; and Embracing individual responsibility o g). the changing values and norms which Living purposefully reflects the influences on the society. In an Finitude as motivation instance, outsourcing of manufactured goods changes how members of a society 3: Existentialist Perspective see and treat foreigners and immigrants. Martin Heidegger: Death is a defining, personal reality that Also, those individuals previously occupied shapes human existence. Heidegger believes that by in the manufacturing sector find themselves embracing the inevitability of death, one can live more with no clearly defined social role. authentically, making choices that reflet true values rather than societal pleasures. HUMAN PERSON AND DEATH 1: Phenomenological Notions of Death Jean-Paul Sartre: Sartre doesn’t focus much on death, he According to Martin Heidegger (1889 – 1976) in his book, suggests that the awareness of our mortality contribute to the “Being and Time”, death is: anxiety and freedom of human existence, prompting individuals 1. Certain to live responsibly and create their own meaning. Whether we like it or not, we will die. 2. Indefinite 4: Epicurean View We do not exactly know when. Epicurus: The ancient Greek philosopher argued that death 3. One’s Property should not be feared because as he famously said, “when we Nobody can experience his death except himself. exist, death does not; and when death exists, we do not”. In The death of a person belongs to him. other words, since we don’t experience death, it shouldn’t ` 11 - GALILEI ADRIAN SIMON T. JALIMAO S.Y. 2024-25 INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON GRADE 11 | SECOND QUARTER | S.Y. 2024-25 concern us. Epicureanism encourages living in a life free from fear of death by focusing on pleasure, wisdom and tranquility. 11: Camus and the Absurdist View Albert Camus: “Life is absurd” because humans seek meaning 5: Stoic View in the universe that offers none. Death highlights its absurdity. Stoicism, an ancient school of thought, teachers that death is He suggested that acknowledging the absurdity and finiteness natural and inevitable and should not be feared. Stoics like of life leads to freedom. Seneca and Marcus Aurelius believed that thinking about death frequently helps one live a virtuous and purposeful life. Accepting death as a part of the natural order can bring inner peace and resilience in the face of life’s challenges. 6: Religious Perspectives Christianity: Death is not an end but a transition to eternal life. Christina doctrine teachers that life continues beyond physical death, with a promise of heaven for believers. Death is often viewed as a gateway to a closer relationship with God. Buddhism: Death is a part of the cycle of rebirth (samsara). In Buddhism, death is not an end but a transition to another life based on karma. Meditation on death is encouraged to foster detachment and enlightenment. Hinduism: Sees death as part of a cycle of rebirths until one achieves moksha, or liberation from the cycle. Death is a passage to a new life determined by karma, and it is seen as a transformative event rather than a final end. 7: Humanist and Secular Perspective Humanism: They view death as a natural end of consciousness. Since there is no after life, they argue that we should make the most of this life. 8: Psychoanalytic Perspective Freud: He saw death as a concept that humans struggle to fully understand, given the unconscious mind cannot grasp on its own end. 9: Transhumanist Perspective Transhumanism: Advocates for using science and technology to extend human life, by overcoming biological limitations. 10: Eastern Philosophical Perspective Taoism: Death is a part of the natural flow of life (the Tao). Taoists see life and death as complementary, and they accept death with the same calm acceptance with which they approach life. Confucianism: Focuses on living a moral and socially responsible life. Death is seen as a part of human experience and emphasis is placed on honoring ancestors and living a life that positively impacts future generations, thus, achieving a kind of symbolic immortality. ` 11 - GALILEI ADRIAN SIMON T. JALIMAO S.Y. 2024-25