Philosophy Reviewer PDF

**HUMAN PERSON AS AN EMBODIED SPIRIT** ***Transcendence*** - a state of "existence above and beyond the limits of material experience". ***Loneliness*** - can be rooted from our sense of vulnerability and fear of death. ***Love*** is to experience richness, positivity, and transcendence. **MODUL...

**HUMAN PERSON AS AN EMBODIED SPIRIT** ***Transcendence*** - a state of "existence above and beyond the limits of material experience". ***Loneliness*** - can be rooted from our sense of vulnerability and fear of death. ***Love*** is to experience richness, positivity, and transcendence. **MODULE 4: HUMAN PERSON AND THE ENVIRONMENT** **THREE MAJOR VIEWS** ***Anthropocentrism*** - This view believes that humans are the most important species on the planet and they are free to transform nature and use. ***Biocentrism*** - believes that humans are not the only significant species on the planet, and that all other organisms have inherent value and should be protected. ***Eco-centrism*** - places great value on ecosystems and biological communities. **3 PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABILITY** ***Environmental Integrity*** - refers to maintaining the state of the environment. This means that human activities should not disrupt the ecosystem and human communities located in the area. ***Economic efficiency*** - refers to prudence in decision- making regarding the use of resources to ensure that there is minimum to zero waste. ***Equity*** - -it refers to conserving our natural resources so that the future generations will still be able to use it. **PRUDENCE VS FRUGALITY** ***Prudence*** is the ability to have good judgement that allows avoidance of dangers and risks. ***Frugality*** is the act of using money or other resources wisely and practically. **MODULE 5: FREEDOM OF THE HUMAN PERSON** ***Freedom*** - it is the ability to make choices and perform those choices -it is the ability to be what we want and decide and create oneself. **FAMOUS PHILOSOPHERS\' CONCEPT ON FREEDOM** ***Aristotle*** - a human being is rational. Reason is a divine characteristic. ***St. Thomas Aquinas*** - Spiritual Freedom (establishes the existence of God as a first cause). ***Jean Paul Sartre*** on Individual Freedom (the human person is the desire to be God). **KINDS OF FREEDOM** ***Physical Freedom*** - refers to the absence of any physical restraint. ***Psychological freedom*** - also called "Freedom of Choice." ***Moral freedom*** - refers to using freedom in a manner that upholds human dignity and goodness. ***Circumstantial freedom*** - is the liberty to accomplish an action without interference from obstacles. ***Metaphysical freedom*** - is a power to choose one opportunity or possibilities out of the choices presented. **TWO ELEMENTS THAT DEFINE FREEDOM** ***Voluntariness*** - it is the ability of a person to act of his or her own free will and self-determination. ***Responsibility*** - refers to the person being accountable for his or her action and their consequences. **TWO IMPORTANT FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN THE EXERCISE OF FREEDOM** ***PRUDENCE*** is the ability to govern and discipline oneself with the use of reason; it is having caution and giving good judgments in making decisions. ***SELF-REFLECTION*** allows us to be more rational in making choices, because sometimes human beings tend to be slaves by their emotions and moods whenever they act certain things. **MODULE 6: INTERSUBJECTIVITY** ***Intersubjectivity*** - It refers to the ***shared awareness and understanding among persons***. It is made possible by the awareness of the ***self*** and the ***other***. A ***subject*** is an observer and an ***object*** is a thing observed. **CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN RELATIONS** ***Dialogue*** - It is a deep and genuine relationship between persons.\ ***Empathy*** - It is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another. ***Communirazation*** - It is a social process wherein the community of other people are seen as embedded within the self. ***Availability*** - It is the willingness of a person to be present and be at the disposal of one another. **TWO TYPES OF RELATIONSHIP** ***I-IT Relationship*** - a person views the other as an object to fulfill his or her needs. ***I-THOU Relationship*** - involves a person who acknowledges the "whole" in the other person and views his or her partnership as relational rather than experiential. **TWO LEVELS OF SELF-OTHER INTERACTION** ***First Level*** = this refers to the simple awareness of the Self about the existence of the Other. ***Deeper Level*** = this refers to the awareness of the Self as being seen by Others. ***Authentic Dialogue*** - Is a form of interpersonal communication wherein individuals acknowledge that they are part of a greater whole and that they resonate with others within the whole. - Deep and genuine relationship between persons. **OBSTACLES TO DIALOGUE** ***Seeming*** -- it involves deliberately playing up or hiding aspects of yourself to appear more desirable or impressive. ***Speechifying*** -- it refers to one's talking past another, hearing without listening. ***Imposition*** -- It is telling the other how he/she should act, behave, and respond to things. **MODULE 7: HUMAN PERSON AND THE SOCIETY** ***Society*** - A complex of groups in reciprocal relationships. **TYPES OF SOCIETY** ***Hunting-and-gathering*** - these are small, simple societies in which people hunt and gather food. Because all people in these societies have few possessions, the societies are fairly egalitarian, and the degree of inequality is very low. ***Horticultural*** - societies grow crops with simple tools ***Pastoral*** - societies raise livestock and animal domestication. ***Agricultural*** - these societies grow great numbers of crops, thanks to the use of plows, oxen, and other devices. ***Feudal*** - these societies contained a strict hierarchical system of power based on land ownership ***Industrial*** - societies feature factories and machines. They are wealthier than agricultural societies and have a greater sense of individualism and a somewhat lower degree of inequality that still remains substantial. ***Post- industrial*** - these societies feature information technology and service jobs. Higher education is especially important in these societies for economic success. ***Social influence*** occurs when one's emotions, opinions, or behaviors are affected by others. **MODULE 8: HUMAN PERSON TOWARDS IMPENDING DEATH** ***Death*** means the end of life, the physical cessation of life. If this definition is known to us all, it can be enlarged. Indeed, in its medical sense, it is the end of brain function defined by a flat electroencephalogram. ***Happiness*** is a state of being (over all physical condition of a person), not just only an emotion or a decision. **PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPT ON HAPPINESS** For ***Aristotle***, the most notable of the metaphysical philosophers, happiness is the highest desire and ambition of all human beings. In his opinion, the way to reach it is through virtue. ***Epicurus*** was a Greek philosopher who contradicted metaphysical philosophers. In contrast to their beliefs, he did not believe that happiness came only from the spiritual world, but rather that it also had a great deal to do with earthlier dimensions. According to ***Nietzsche,*** to live peacefully and without anything worries is the desire of mediocre people who do not give any greater meaning to life. Nietzsche disagreed that "happiness" could be a constant state of wellbeing. **KINDS OF GOOD** 1\. ***Noble good*** is one which is pursued for its own sake, example is love and friendship. 2\. ***Useful good*** is found only from what it can provide, example is money etc. 3\. ***Pleasurable good*** is good so long as it provides pleasure. ***Suffering*** is generally viewed as a state of feeling discomfort or pain. It can come in the form of physical suffering when one experiences bodily pain. Example, injury or it may be a mental suffering when it involves our minds and emotions, such as depression or loneliness. **TYPE OF PAIN OR SUFFERING** 1\. ***Physical***- pain derived from a "physical cause" (body) 2\. ***Mental***- refers to discomfort, dysfunction, or distress of the mind 3\. ***Emotional***- is the result of the actions of others. Other times, it might be the result of regret, grief, or loss. 4\. ***Psychological***- is a state of emotional suffering associated with stressors and demands that are difficult to cope with in daily life. Good luck and wishing you all the best on your exam! -Sir Jerome