Human Person as an Embodied Spirit

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Questions and Answers

What does voluntariness refer to in the context of freedom?

  • The ability to act of one's own free will (correct)
  • The obligation to obey rules
  • The control exerted by others over a person
  • The absence of consequences for actions

Which factor is essential in the exercise of freedom?

  • Impulsiveness
  • Negligence
  • Complacency
  • Prudence (correct)

What defines an I-THOU relationship?

  • Recognizing the other person as a 'whole' (correct)
  • Viewing the other person as a partner in an experience
  • Seeing the other as a mere object
  • Having no emotional connection

What does self-reflection contribute to decision making?

<p>Enhances rational choice-making (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is described as an obstacle to dialogue?

<p>Speechifying (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is associated with genuine relationships?

<p>Dialogue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does availability entail in human relations?

<p>Willingness to be present for others (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first level of self-other interaction?

<p>Simple awareness of the Other (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does transcendence refer to?

<p>A state of existence above and beyond material experience (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which view believes that humans are the most important species on the planet?

<p>Anthropocentrism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle of sustainability refers to maintaining the state of the environment?

<p>Environmental Integrity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher is associated with the idea that a human being is rational?

<p>Aristotle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of freedom refers to the liberty to accomplish an action without interference from obstacles?

<p>Circumstantial freedom (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is prudence defined in the context of decision-making?

<p>The avoidance of risks through good judgment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of freedom is referred to as 'Freedom of Choice'?

<p>Psychological freedom (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of sustainability focuses on conserving natural resources for future generations?

<p>Equity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of society is characterized by the domestication of animals?

<p>Pastoral society (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of society is known for having a strict hierarchical system based on land ownership?

<p>Feudal society (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Aristotle, what is the method to achieve happiness?

<p>Through virtue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of post-industrial societies?

<p>Emphasis on service jobs and information technology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher believed that happiness is tied to earthly dimensions?

<p>Epicurus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of society do people typically use plows and oxen for farming?

<p>Agricultural society (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary definition of death in a medical context?

<p>End of brain function as per EEG (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of good is pursued for its own sake, such as love and friendship?

<p>Noble good (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic that defines voluntariness?

<p>Ability to act without external control (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor promotes the ability to govern oneself with reason?

<p>Prudence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of relationship recognizes the 'whole' in another person?

<p>I-THOU Relationship (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes authentic dialogue?

<p>Acknowledgment of interconnectedness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the obstacle characterized by hiding aspects of oneself to seem more desirable?

<p>Seeming (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does self-reflection help individuals achieve?

<p>Greater clarity in choices (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is associated with the willingness to be present for others?

<p>Availability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What represents the deeper level of self-other interaction?

<p>Recognition of being seen by others (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of hunting-and-gathering societies?

<p>They possess few possessions, leading to low inequality. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes industrial societies from agricultural societies?

<p>They are wealthier and feature factories and machines. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Nietzsche, what is the perception of happiness held by mediocre people?

<p>They desire to live peacefully without worries. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do post-industrial societies primarily utilize information technology?

<p>In service jobs and enhancing economic success. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Aristotle’s view on happiness?

<p>It is the highest desire that can be attained through virtue. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of society is characterized by specializing in the raising of livestock?

<p>Pastoral (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of good is referred to as noble good?

<p>Goods pursued for their own sake, such as love and friendship. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does eco-centrism emphasize in its view of the environment?

<p>Ecosystems and biological communities are of great importance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of sustainability promotes the efficient use of resources?

<p>Economic Efficiency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of moral freedom?

<p>Using freedom in a way that upholds human dignity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of transcendence imply about human existence?

<p>It enables a connection beyond the material realm. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher associated freedom with the desire to be God?

<p>Jean Paul Sartre (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does frugality emphasize in resource management?

<p>Using resources wisely and practically. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is psychological freedom also known as?

<p>Freedom of Choice (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does equity in sustainability primarily focus on?

<p>Ensuring availability of resources for future generations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does self-reflection primarily enhance in decision making?

<p>Rational thinking (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes an I-THOU relationship from an I-IT relationship?

<p>Viewing the other as a whole person (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary obstacle to effective dialogue characterized by not listening?

<p>Speechifying (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is essential in practicing prudence?

<p>Reasoned judgment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a social process that sees other people as embedded within the self?

<p>Communirazation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does voluntariness enable a person to do?

<p>Act on their own free will (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level of self-other interaction involves awareness of being seen by others?

<p>Deeper Level (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes empathy?

<p>Understanding and sharing another's feelings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does love represent in the context of human experience?

<p>Richness, positivity, and transcendence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of eco-centrism?

<p>Protecting the environment for all life forms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of sustainability focuses on minimizing waste in resource usage?

<p>Economic efficiency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is frugality defined in the context of resource management?

<p>Using resources wisely and practically (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher asserted that spiritual freedom is tied to the existence of God?

<p>St. Thomas Aquinas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines physical freedom?

<p>The absence of any physical restraint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes moral freedom from other forms of freedom?

<p>The ability to uphold human dignity and goodness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of horticultural societies?

<p>They grow crops using simple tools. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of society is characterized by the use of factories and machines?

<p>Industrial (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Aristotle, what is essential for achieving happiness?

<p>Virtue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect distinguishes post-industrial societies from industrial societies?

<p>Importance of higher education (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher believed that happiness is linked to earthly pleasures?

<p>Epicurus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes feudal societies?

<p>Hierarchical power linked to land ownership (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a 'noble good'?

<p>Friendship fostered by mutual interest (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as maintaining the state of the environment?

<p>Environmental Integrity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of freedom specifically concerns the absence of physical restraint?

<p>Physical freedom (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which view asserts that all organisms, not just humans, have inherent value?

<p>Biocentrism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What embodies the ability to make choices and perform those choices?

<p>Freedom (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of sustainability focuses on the fair use of resources for future generations?

<p>Equity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher associated the concept of freedom with the desire to be God?

<p>Jean Paul Sartre (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the act of using resources wisely and practically known as?

<p>Frugality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of freedom is characterized by using freedom in a manner that upholds human dignity?

<p>Moral freedom (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of society is primarily characterized by the cultivation of crops with simple tools?

<p>Horticultural (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the term 'death' in a medical context?

<p>End of brain function as shown by a flat electroencephalogram (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Nietzsche, what is the desire of mediocre people regarding happiness?

<p>To live peacefully without worries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher believed that virtue is essential for achieving happiness?

<p>Aristotle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is primarily associated with post-industrial societies?

<p>An emphasis on information technology and service jobs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which form of happiness did Epicurus believe was influenced by earthly dimensions?

<p>Temporary pleasures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In feudal societies, what is primarily responsible for the hierarchy of power?

<p>Land ownership (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the concept of voluntariness in relation to freedom?

<p>Acting according to personal choice and self-determination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is essential for exercising prudence in decision-making?

<p>Using reason and good judgment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of an I-IT relationship?

<p>Seeing others merely as objects for personal needs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the deeper level of self-other interaction?

<p>Recognition that others are aware of the self (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does authentic dialogue facilitate in human relationships?

<p>Recognition of individuals as part of a greater whole (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which obstacle to dialogue involves not listening effectively?

<p>Speechifying (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is essential for the process of communirazation?

<p>Seeing the community as part of oneself (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Anthropocentrism

The view that humans are the most important species and can freely change nature.

Biocentrism

The belief that all life forms have inherent value and should be protected.

Ecocentrism

The view that ecosystems and biological communities are valuable and deserve protection.

Environmental Integrity

Maintaining the environment's natural state without being disrupted by human activity.

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Physical Freedom

The absence of physical restraints.

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Psychological Freedom

Freedom of choice; the ability to decide.

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Metaphysical Freedom

The power to choose options freely.

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Prudence

Good judgment preventing dangers and risks.

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What are the two elements that define freedom?

Freedom is defined by the ability to act of one's own free will (voluntariness) and being accountable for one's actions (responsibility).

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What is prudence?

Prudence is the ability to control yourself with reason and make wise decisions.

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What is self-reflection?

Self-reflection is the process of examining your own thoughts, feelings, and actions to better understand yourself.

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What is intersubjectivity?

Intersubjectivity is the shared understanding and awareness between individuals.

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What is dialogue?

Dialogue is a deep and meaningful conversation between two or more people.

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What is empathy?

Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another person.

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What is the I-IT relationship?

An I-IT relationship views the other person as an object to fulfill your needs.

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What is the I-THOU relationship?

An I-THOU relationship acknowledges the whole person and values their uniqueness.

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Hunting-and-gathering societies

Small, simple societies where people rely on hunting animals and gathering plants for food. These societies tend to have few possessions and are relatively egalitarian with low levels of inequality.

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Horticultural societies

Societies that cultivate crops using simple hand tools. This allows for more settled lifestyles and the possibility of surplus food.

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Pastoral societies

Societies that raise livestock and depend on animal domestication for their livelihood.

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Agricultural societies

Societies that cultivate large quantities of crops using advanced tools like plows and oxen. This leads to increased food production and the rise of cities.

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Feudal societies

Societies with a rigid hierarchical system of power based on land ownership. Landlords, known as lords, control the land and grant it to vassals in exchange for loyalty and service.

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Industrial societies

Societies characterized by factories, machines, and mass production. They are generally wealthier than previous societies and experience a greater emphasis on individual achievement.

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Post-industrial societies

Societies marked by information technology, service jobs, and a focus on knowledge and education. Higher education is crucial for economic success in these societies.

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Aristotle's view on happiness

Aristotle believed happiness is the ultimate goal of human existence. He believed happiness is achieved through virtue, living a life of excellence and fulfilling one's potential.

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Transcendence

A state of being beyond the limits of physical experience, often associated with spiritual or existential understanding.

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Loneliness

A feeling of isolation and disconnectedness, often rooted in a sense of vulnerability or fear of death.

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Love

An intense feeling of deep affection and care for another person, often associated with joy, richness, and a sense of transcendence.

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Economic Efficiency

Making wise decisions about resource use to minimize waste and maximize value.

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What defines freedom?

Freedom is defined by two key elements:

  1. Voluntariness: The ability to act of one's own free will.
  2. Responsibility: Being accountable for one's actions and their consequences.
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Self-reflection

Self-reflection is the process of examining your own thoughts, feelings, and actions to gain a better understanding of yourself.

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Intersubjectivity

Intersubjectivity is the shared understanding and awareness between individuals. It involves recognizing the 'self' and the 'other.'

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Dialogue

Dialogue is a deep and meaningful conversation between two or more people, characterized by genuine connection and respect.

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Empathy

Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another person. It's about stepping into their shoes.

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I-IT Relationship

An I-IT relationship views the other person as an object to fulfill your needs. It focuses on what you can gain.

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I-THOU Relationship

An I-THOU relationship acknowledges the whole person and values their uniqueness. It focuses on genuine connection and mutual understanding.

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What are Hunting-and-gathering societies?

These societies are small and simple, relying on hunting animals and gathering plants for survival. They have few possessions and are generally egalitarian with low inequality.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are Horticultural societies?

These societies cultivate crops using hand tools, allowing for a more settled lifestyle and potential food surplus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are Pastoral societies?

These societies rely on animal domestication and livestock raising for their livelihood.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are Agricultural societies?

These societies cultivate large quantities of crops using advanced tools like plows and oxen. This leads to increased food production and the rise of cities.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are Feudal societies?

These societies have a rigid hierarchical system of power based on land ownership. Landlords control land and grant it to vassals in exchange for loyalty and service.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are Industrial societies?

These societies are characterized by factories, machines, and mass production. They are wealthier than previous societies and emphasize individual achievement.

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What are Post-industrial societies?

These societies are defined by information technology, service jobs, and a focus on knowledge and education. Higher education is crucial for economic success in these societies.

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What is Aristotle's view on happiness?

Aristotle believed happiness is the ultimate goal of human existence. He argued that happiness is achieved through virtue, living a life of excellence and fulfilling one's potential.

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Voluntariness

The ability to act freely and make decisions based on one's own will, without external pressure.

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Responsibility

Being accountable for one's actions and the consequences that follow.

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Frugality

Using money or other resources wisely and practically to avoid waste.

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Love as Transcendence

Love is an experience of richness, positivity, and transcendence, going beyond the ordinary.

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Communirazation

A social process wherein the community of other people are seen as embedded within the self.

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Study Notes

Human Person as an Embodied Spirit

  • Transcendence is existing beyond material experience
  • Loneliness can stem from vulnerability and fear of death
  • Love involves richness, positivity, and transcendence

Human Person and the Environment

  • Anthropocentrism: Humans are most important, free to use nature
  • Biocentrism: All organisms have inherent value
  • Ecocentrism: Value on ecosystems and biological communities
  • Sustainability principles:
    • Environmental Integrity: Maintaining the environment
    • Economic Efficiency: Prudent resource use
    • Equity: Ensuring future access to resources

Prudence vs. Frugality

  • Prudence: Good judgment, avoiding risks
  • Frugality: Wise use of resources

Freedom of the Human Person

  • Freedom: Ability to choose and create oneself
  • Famous Philosophers' Concepts on Freedom:
    • Aristotle: Humans are rational, reason is divine
    • St. Thomas Aquinas: Spiritual freedom, God's existence
    • Jean-Paul Sartre: Individual freedom, desire to be God
  • Kinds of Freedom:
    • Physical: Absence of physical restraint
    • Psychological (Freedom of Choice):
    • Moral: Using freedom for human dignity and goodness

Intersubjectivity

  • Intersubjectivity: Shared understanding and awareness between people
  • Subject/Object: Observer/Observed
  • Characteristics of Human Relations:
    • Dialogue: Deep, genuine relationship
    • Empathy: Understanding and sharing feelings
    • Communication: Community embedded within self
    • Availability: Willingness to be present
  • Types of Relationships:
    • I-It: Other as an object to fulfill needs
    • I-Thou: Acknowledging the whole person

Self-Other Interaction

  • Levels of Self-Other Interaction:
    • First Level: Awareness of the other’s existence
    • Deeper Level: Awareness of being seen by the other
  • Authentic Dialogue: Acknowledgement of interconnectedness

Obstacles to Dialogue

  • Seeming: Deliberately hiding/showing aspects
  • Speechifying: Talking past another
  • Imposition: Telling others what to do

Human Person and Society

  • Society: Complex of groups in reciprocal relations
  • Types of Society:
    • Hunting-and-gathering: Small, simple food gathering
    • Horticultural: Crop growing
    • Pastoral: Animal husbandry
    • Agricultural: Advanced farming, tools
    • Feudal: Hierarchical land ownership
    • Industrial: Factories, machines
    • Post-industrial: Information technology, service jobs
  • Social Influence: Emotions, opinions, behaviors influenced by others

Human Person Towards Impending Death

  • Death: Physical cessation of life (brain function)
  • Happiness: State of being, not just emotions.

Philosophical Concept on Happiness

  • Aristotle: Happiness is the highest desire, achieved through virtue
  • Epicurus: Happiness comes from the earthly realm
  • Nietzsche: Happiness associated with mediocrity

Kinds of Good

  • Noble good: Pursued for its own sake
  • Useful good: Provides value, benefits
  • Pleasurable good: Brings pleasure

Suffering and Pain

  • Suffering: Feeling of discomfort or pain (physical or mental)
  • Types of Pain or Suffering: Physical, mental, emotional, psychological

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