Philosophy Q1 Reviewer PDF

PHILOSOPHY Philosophy is not more UNIT 1: Lesson 1: Paradigm Shift knowledge you get,but more understanding. Science and Philosophy Gabriel Marcel's 2 Types of SCIENCE...

PHILOSOPHY Philosophy is not more UNIT 1: Lesson 1: Paradigm Shift knowledge you get,but more understanding. Science and Philosophy Gabriel Marcel's 2 Types of SCIENCE Reflection is the empirical study of the 1. Primary Reflection world. is investigative. It sees persons not BUT SCIENCE… according to theiR cannot answer everything being but as in this world. something associated looks at reality partially. with predicates. cannot solve a basic moral Human is defined or political problem. according to one’s own name, student Method of Religion number or even involves the receiving of address and etc.. revelation from God. 2. Secondary Reflection Method of Philosophy It looks not on man The armchair is the only through his principal piece of apparatus predicates, but on his of a philosopher; for the whole being, the philosopher is strictly an totality of his being a armchair thinker. person. ○ Philosophers needs conversation. The “WHAT” of Philosophy ○ Philosophy is Etymological Definition of reflective. Philosophy GREEK WORDS Science is Investigative ○ PHILO (Love) + How is matter transformed SOPHIA (Wisdom) = into energy in atomic “Love for Wisdom" explosions? Historical Definition of Religion Accepts and Believes Philosophy Is God created the 1. Merchants universe? “lovers of gain or Philosophy is Reflective pleasure.” Why must change be based 2. Atlhetes and Politicians upon permanence? “lovers of fame.”  3. Audience The Starting Point of “lovers of Spectacle.” Philosophizing 1. Wonder or Awe 3 Types of People in Real Life The most important 1. The one who wants to be thing in philosophy is rich. that we are able to 2. The one who wants to be reflect on our human famous. activities. 3. The one who wants to 2. Act of Questioning understand and reflect Asking relevant what life is really all about. questions. Asking questions by Socratic Motto: “An unexamined recognizing and life is not worth living.” being aware of our own activities will Lexical Definition of Philosophy lead us to deliberate Philosophy is the study of reflection. the ultimate reality, causes and principles underlying UNIT 1: Lesson 2: The Value of being acquired through the Philosophy use of human reason alone. What does philosophy have to do The “HOW” of Philosophy with everyday life? Ostensive Definition of Improving the quality of Philosophy your thinking Ostensive comes from the (philosophizing) about it, Latin word ostendere, you can improve the quality which means to show or to of your life. point out. One defines a “How you think influences term by pointing it or by how you act.” showing it out. The Value of Philosophy Philosophy is not just a textbook 1. Philosophy encourages us knowledge. to examine our lives. Philosophy is basically an 2. Philosophy helps us to attitude, an activity of the challenge our views and human mind and heart. beliefs in order to achieve Wisdom is the active the truth. utilization of knowledge. 3. Philosophy helps us to analyze our daily  experiences in life by Eidetic Reduction reflecting on it. Eidetic comes from Greek word “eidos” means Marcelian's Philosophical “shape or essence” Reflection ○ Questions to consider Primary Reflection if you want to know Dissolving the unity, your eidos or essence analyzing the real meaning of one thing: or function of the object. What is the Secondary Reflection essence of the Put all things into unity, object? synthesizing the object and What is the giving it a more personal actual meaning. definition of the object or The Husserlian experience? Phenomenological Method Transcendental Reduction Epoche “my” very own experience It means removal or of the phenomenon. bracketing of the biases we ○ Questions to consider have with the object. to understand your ○ Questions to consider experience on the if you want to know object: your own Epoche or What is “my” Bias on one thing: own experience What is the of the object or natural experience? attitude What are my towards the personal object or understanding experience? towards the What are the object or biases and phenomenon? prejudices towards the UNIT 2: Lesson 3: Determining object or Truth from Opinion experience? TRUTH Truth is connected with the pursuit of knowledge.  Because the very meaning John Locke; George of the phrase “to know” is Berkeley; David Hume; to have in one’s mind the John Stuart Mill; Bertrand truth about the object one Russell is trying to know. To know is to have the truth. OPINION It is a kind of judgment that “How to Think About the Truth” is based on someone’s by Mortimer Adler viewpoint. 1. To know something is to It is a statement that holds doubt (Skepticism) an element of personal 2. Truth is dependent on the belief. It is not based on person (Relativism) evidence. 3. Truth is what works It is not always true but (Pragmaticism) rather it may or may not be 4. Truth is what corresponds true and mostly used in an from the mind with the argument. reality (Realism) Indicators to Determine Opinion Is truth eternal or does it change? 1. Statements opener such as: Truth is eternal,it doesn’t ○ ‘like for example’ ; change. ○ ‘I think’ ; ○ ‘I believe’ ; Rationalism ○ ‘I feel’ ; Necessary Truth ○ ‘In my own opinion’ ; A-Priori 2. Adverbs and Adjectives Knowledge is based on such as: reason ○ ‘Ugly’; Existence of innate ideas ○ ‘Always’ ; Rene Descartes; Baruch ○ ‘Disgusting’ ; Spinoza; Gottfried Wilhelm ○ ‘Probably’ ; von Leibniz; Immanuel ○ ‘Maybe’ ; Kant; G.W.F Hegel ○ ‘Least’ ; ○ ‘Perhaps’ ; Empiricism ○ ‘Most’ ; Empirical Truth ○ ‘Best’ ; A-Posteriori ○ ‘Possibly’ ; Knowledge is based on experience. Tabula Rasa OPINION recognize to be so; that is consists in not being sure to say, carefully to avoid that you have the truth, not precipitation and prejudice being sure whether what in my judgments, and to you say is true or false. accept in them nothing can be true or false. more than what was can be right or wrong. presented to my mind so KNOWLEDGE clearly and distinctly that I consists in having the truth could have no occasion to and knowing that you have doubt it. it, because you know why To achieve the truth, we what you think is true is must doubt our senses true. since our senses are fallible can’t be false, knowledge and unreliable, that is, we can’t be wrong. If must avoid our perceptual something is knowledge, illusion. The objective of it’s impossible for it to be Descartes is certainty, and false knowledge or wrong this can be possible knowledge. through the method of doubt. The opposite of UNIT 2: Lesson 4: Philosophical truth is uncertainty. That is Methods and Evaluating why truth is related with Opinions. certainty. This is what we mean by the skepticism of Philosophical Methods Descartes. Socratic Method The Methodic doubt is This is where in two derived from the idea of interlocutors took turns in doubting a belief. It is not a questioning and answering. feeling but rather it is a Truth is arrived at by rational insight. means of this dialectical method of asking and Evaluating Opinions responding, gradually Authority and Source eliminating the Questions to consider to questionable. evaluate the authority and Methodic Doubt source of the statement/s. According to Rene ○ Who is the Descartes, the first rule is information's to accept nothing as true source? which I do not clearly  ○ What are his/her ○ What are the target credentials,backgrou readers or audiences? nd, and reputation? ○ Is the message meant ○ Is she an expert on to convince or the subject? persuade, or is it ○ What is the source of simply propaganda? the assertion? ○ What is the context ○ Is the source in which the opinion trustworthy? is expressed? Preconception and Bias Relevance and Reliability Questions to consider to Questions to consider to evaluate the preconception evaluate the relevance and and bias of the source. reliability of the ○ Is the person taking a statement/s. position biased in ○ How trustworthy is favor of or against the person making the issue? the claim? ○ Is she biased, ○ How long has he or preferential, or she spent studying prejudiced in favor of the issue? or against a ○ How extensive is particular issue? his/her knowledge of ○ Is the language used the subject? provocative or ○ Is there any emotional? unsupported ○ Are proofs provided, generalization in the or is the foundation claim? merely a ○ Is the information preconceived notion? supplied actually Hasty generalization and relevant to the Assumption conclusion? Questions to consider to Context and Purpose evaluate the hasty Questions to consider to generalization and evaluate the context and assumption of the source. purpose of the statement/s. ○ Is there an effort ○ What is the author's made by the source to or source's main and prove or support the secondary objective? opinion? ○ Is it possible to obtain genuine documents? ○ Is the information a single point of view or a collection of numerous relevant points of view? ○ Is there enough evidence to support the conclusion? ○ Are all of the significant variables taken into account?