UNIT 02, ITCS Syllabus PDF

Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida Indian Literature, Culture, Tradition, and Practices Unit:02 Indian Literature, Culture, Tradition, and Practices...

Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida Indian Literature, Culture, Tradition, and Practices Unit:02 Indian Literature, Culture, Tradition, and Practices SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA Department of SUBI Semester CODE MBA SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 1  Index/Content S. No. Index 1. Name of Subject with code, Course and Subject Teacher 2. Brief Introduction of Faculty member with Photograph 3. Evaluation Scheme 4. Syllabus 5. Branch wise Application 6. Course Objective(s) 7. Course Outcome(s) 8. Program Outcomes (PSOs) 9. Cos and POs Mapping SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 2  Index/Content S. No. Index 10. Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs) 11. Cos and PSOs Mapping 12. Program Educational Objectives (PEOs) 13. Result Analysis 14. End Semester Question paper Templates 15. Prequisite/Recap 16. Brief Indtroduction about the Subject with Videos 17. Unit Contents 18. Unit Objectives 19. Topic Objectives/Topic Outcome SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 3  Index/Content S. No. Index 20. Lecture related to topic 21. Daily Quiz 22. Weekly Assignment 23. Topic Links 24. MCQs 25. Glossary Questions 26. Old question papers 27. Expected Questions 28. Recap of unit SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 4  Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida Area of Interest – Marketing Management , ITCS, HRM , Mang eco , Org Behavior. Done MBA, from Magadha University , Bodhgaya (Bihar) Specialization- Marketing & HR 05 +years of Experience in Academics SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 5 Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 6  Syllabus UNIT I: Society State and Polity in India (6 Hours) State in Ancient India: Evolutionary Theory, Force Theory, Mystical Theory Contract Theory, Stages of State Formation in Ancient India, Kingship , Council of Ministers Administration Political Ideals in Ancient India Conditions’ of the Welfare of Societies, The Seven Limbs of the State, Society in Ancient India, Purusārtha, Varnāshrama System, Āshrama or the Stages of Life, Marriage, Understanding Gender as a social category, The representation of Women in Historical traditions, Challenges faced by Women. Four-class Classification, Slavery. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 7  Syllabus UNIT II: Indian Literature, Culture, Tradition, and Practices (6 Hours) Evolution of script and languages in India: Harappan Script and Brahmi Script. The Vedas, the Upanishads, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, Puranas, Buddhist And Jain Literature in Pali,Prakrit And Sanskrit, Kautilya’s Arthashastra, Famous Sanskrit Authors, Telugu Literature, Kannada Literature,Malayalam Literature ,Sangama Literature Northern Indian Languages & Literature, Persian And Urdu ,Hindi Literature SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 8  Syllabus UNIT III: Indian Religion, Philosophy, and Practices (8 Hour) Pre-Vedic and Vedic Religion, Buddhism, Jainism, Six System Indian Philosophy, Shankaracharya, Various Philosophical Doctrines, Other Heterodox Sects, Bhakti Movement, Sufi movement, Socio religious reform movement of 19th century, Modern religious practices. UNIT IV: Science, Management and Indian Knowledge System (8 Hour) Astronomy in India, Chemistry in India, Mathematics in India, Physics in India, Agriculture in India, Medicine in India,Metallurgy in India, Geography, Biology, Harappan Technologies, Water Management in India, Textile Technology in India,Writing Technology in India Pyrotechnics in India Trade in Ancient India/India’s Dominance up to Pre-colonial Times. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 9  Syllabus UNIT V: Cultural Heritage and Performing Arts (4 Hours) Indian Architect, Engineering and Architecture in Ancient India, Sculptures, Seals, coins, Pottery, Puppetry, Dance, Music, Theatre, drama, Painting, Martial Arts Traditions, Fairs and Festivals, Current developments in Arts and Cultural, Indian’s Cultural Contribution to the World. Indian Cinema SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 10  Branch wise Applications This course will help- To know about the Indian culture and related education and apply in society. To understand the importance of Indian heritage, languages etc. and spread the knowledge in the society. To understand the different religions, dialects, living standards of the people and make aware the society about the same SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 11  Course Objectives 1. Students will be able to understand the basic knowledge about the Society State and Polity in India. 2. Students will be able to understand the basic knowledge about the Indian Literature, Culture, Tradition, and Practices. 3. Help the students in acquiring the knowledge of Indian Religion, Philosophy, and Practices. 4. Aware the students about the Science, Management and Indian Knowledge System. 5. Aware the students about the Cultural Heritage and Performing Arts. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 12  Course Outcomes S.N CO After completion of this course students will be able to B.T o 1 CO1 Understand the basics of past Indian politics and state K2 polity. 2 CO2 Understand the Vedas, Upanishads, languages & K2 literature of Indian society. 3 CO3 Know the different religions and religious movements K4 in India. 4 CO4 Identify and explore the basic knowledge about the K4 ancient history of Indian agriculture, science & technology, and ayurveda. 5 CO5 Identify Indian dances, fairs & festivals, and cinema. K1 SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 13  Program Outcomes 1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems. 2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences. 3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations. 4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 14  Program Outcomes 5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations. 6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice. 7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development. 8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 15  Program Outcomes 9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings. 10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions. 11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments. 12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 16  CO-PO Mapping PO P P P P PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO CO O O O O 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 CO 1 M M M CO 2 H M H CO 3 M H M CO 4 M H CO 5 M Avg. 2 2 2 2.5 2.5 2 2.5 SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 17  PSOs PSOs are yet to be finalized for Emerging branches. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 18  COs-PSOs Mapping CO-PSO mapping are yet to be finalized for Emerging branches. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 19  PEOs PEOs are yet to be finalized for Emerging branches. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 20  Result Analysis S. No. Session Result 1. 2019-20 100% SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 21 End Semester Question Paper Template Will be display soon ……. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 22 End Semester Question Paper Template SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 23 End Semester Question Paper Template SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 24  Prerequisite and Recap Introduction to State in Ancient India Introduction to different theories of polity Introduction to Varnāshrama System SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 25  Introduction of subject with video links Introduction: EITK is the study of Indian culture, society, as well as different languages and the living standards of the Indian people, and it helps to understand the history of culture and society in different regions of the country. Video Links: https://youtu.be/X2SXJiSv3R4 https://youtu.be/7PuuAgeSRpU https://youtu.be/RVT60SA3KgM https://youtu.be/dK53fX97jlc SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 26  Unit Contents Introduction to Indian Tradition, Culture and Literature Introduction to Harappan Script and Brahmi Script The Vedas, the Upanishads The Ramayana and the Mahabharata & Puranas Buddhist And Jain Literature in Pali Telugu Literature, Kannada Literature, Malayalam Literature Sangama Literature Northern Indian Languages & Literature, Persian And Urdu ,Hindi Literature SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 27  Unit Objective(s) To enable the students to understand the importance of our surroundings and encourage the students to contribute towards sustainable development. To sensitize students towards issues related to ‘Indian’ culture, tradition and its composite character. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 28  Topic Mapping with course outcomes Mapping Topic Course Level Unit So. Outcom No. es Introduction to Indian CO1 High II 1 Tradition and Culture CO2 High Introduction to Indian Religion, Philosophy, and Practices CO3 High Buddhist And Jain CO1 High 2 Literature in Pali CO3 High Persian And Urdu ,Hindi CO1 High 3 Literature CO3 Mediu m SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 29  Topic objectives Students will be able to know the following concepts: Introduction to Indian Tradition, Culture and Literature Introduction to Harappan Script and Brahmi Script Introduction to Buddhist And Jain Literature in Pali Introduction to Persian And Urdu ,Hindi Literature SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 30  Indian Tradition & Culture India has a diverse and distinct culture that has been developing for thousands of years and varies from region to region. Here is a brief overview of culture and tradition in India. Religion. India is considered the birthplace of some of the world's major religions: Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism and Sikhism. The Earliest known works of Indian literature was Rig Veda, which is a collection of 1028 hymns written in Vedic Sanskrit. The Rig Veda was followed by Yajur Veda, Sama Veda, and Atharva Veda. There are other works after Vedas known as Brahmanas and Aryankas followed by philosophical doctrines of Upanishads. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 31  Indian Tradition & Culture Some Components of Indian Tradition and Cultural 1. Indian Language: India is a land of many fascinating languages and dialects which can change even within a few miles. There are more than 19,500 mother tongues, 415 living languages, and 23 constitutionally recognized official languages in India. Hindi is spoken by 41% of the population, particularly in the north, and 12% of Indians can speak English as a second language. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 32  Indian Tradition & Culture 2. Greetings: One of the most popular Indian greetings is Namaste, sometimes called namaskar or namaskaram, translating as ‘I bow to the divine in you’. Another popular saying is 'Atithi Devo Bhava', a Sanskrit verse from Hindu scriptures that translates as 'the guest is equivalent to god'. In Indian culture, guests have always been given supreme importance. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 33  Indian Tradition & Culture 3. Families: A joint family in India is where the entire family all live together, which can include parents, wife, children and occasionally relatives. Arranged marriage is still a strong tradition in India. This dates back to Vedic times in 1500–1100 BCE where suitable matches from around the kingdom would compete in competitions to win the hand of a royal bride. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 34  Indian Tradition & Culture 4. Food: Every region in India has its own distinct cuisine with a signature dish or ingredient. It’s one of the best countries for vegetarian cuisine, which you’ll find predominantly in Gujarat and Rajasthan. Non-vegetarian options feature strongly in Bengali, Mughlai, North Indian and Punjabi cuisine, and Kerala in South India is famous for its delicious fish dishes. 5. Religion: India is a land where people from different religions coexist harmoniously. 79.8% of the population worship Hinduism, 14.2% Islam, 2.3% Christianity, 1.7% Sikhism, 0.7% Buddhism and 0.4% Jainism. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 35  Indian Tradition & Culture 6. Temples: History. Temple construction in India started nearly 2000 years ago. The oldest temples that were built of brick and wood no longer exist. 7. Festivals: There are hundreds of festivals to experience in India, meaning that every day holds a new celebration. The huge variety of festivals represent India’s rich culture and traditions, with state-wide, religion-based, and community- focused festivals on offer. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 36  Indian Tradition & Culture 8. Clothing: Clothes in India depend on the climate, cultural traditions and ethnicity of each region. Both male and female clothing has progressed from simple garments covering the body (sari, dhoti, gamcha, kaupina, langota, lungi and loincloths) into intricate costumes used not only in daily wear but also on festive occasions, rituals and dance performances. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 37  Indian Tradition & Culture 9 Dancing: India offers a wide variety of dance forms which vary throughout each state. The Hindu Sanskrit 'Natyashashtra' (text of performing arts) recognises eight Indian classical dances, which includes Kathak in North, West and Central India, with East India showcasing Sattriya from Assam, Manipuri from Manipur and Oddisi from Odhisa. In South India. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 38  Indian Tradition & Culture 10. Literature: India has many great epics dating back many centuries in the form of stories, poems, plays and self-help guides. The two most famous Hindu epics are the Ramayana and Mahabharata, which both contain thrilling tales of gods and demons, love and war and chariots and kidnappings. These stories have been told and retold for thousands of years and play a huge part in Indian culture. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 39  Harappan Script Harappan civilization was discovered in 1920–22 when two of its most important sites were excavated. These were Harappa on the banks of the river Ravi and Mohenjo-Daro on the banks of the Indus. The first was excavated by D. R. Sahani and the second by R.D. Bannerji. On the basis of the archaeological findings the Harappan civilization is one of the oldest civilizations of the world. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 40  Harappan Script It is also sometimes referred to as the ‘Indus Valley civilization’ because in the beginning majority of its settlements discovered were in and around the plains of the river Indus and its tributaries. But today it is termed as the Harappan civilization because Harappa was the first site, which brought to light the presence of this civilization. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 41  Harappan Script Sites of the Harappan Civilization: Harappa Mohenjo-Daro Banawali Rakhigarhi Kotdiji Chanudaro Dholavira Lothal Balakot Kalibangan Nageshwar SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 42  Harappan Script Besides, recent archaeological findings indicate that this civilization was spread much beyond the Indus Valley. Therefore, it is better it is called as the Harappan civilization. It is the first urban culture of India and is contemporaneous with other ancient civilizations of the world such as those of Mesopotamia and Egypt. Our knowledge of the life and culture of the Harappan people is based only on the archaeological excavations as the script of that period has not been deciphered so far. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 43  Harappan Script Mohenjo-Daro: Mohenjo-Daro, or "Mound of the Dead" is an ancient Indus Valley Civilization city that flourished between 2600 and 1900 BCE. It was one of the first world and ancient Indian cities. The site was discovered in the 1920s and lies in Pakistan's Sind province. Mohenjo-Daro, is an ancient planned city laid out on a grid of streets. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 44  Harappan Script An orthogonal street layout was oriented toward the north-south & easteast directions: the widest streets run north-south, straight through town; secondary streets run east-west, sometimes in a staggered direction. Secondary streets are about half the width of the main streets; smaller alleys are a third to a quarter of the width of the main streets. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 45  Harappan Script Courtyard House: The house was planned as a series of rooms opening on to a central courtyard providing an open space inside for community activities. There were no openings toward the main street – only rather small openings to the side streets.. Brick stairways provided access to the upper floors or rooftop gardens. The houses are believed to have flat, timber roofs. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 46  Harappan Script Houses built with a perimeter wall and adjacent houses were separated by a narrow space of land. There were just a few fairly standardized layouts, perhaps an indication of a fairly egalitarian society. But not all houses had two stories and only the larger houses have their own wells. There are also rows of single-roomed barracks, perhaps for singles, soldiers or slaves. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 47  Harappan Script Main features: The salient components of the full-grown cityscape consisted of a bipartite 'citadel', a 'middle town' and a 'lower town', two 'stadia', an ' annexe', a series of reservoirs all set within an enormous fortification running on all four sides. Interestingly, inside the city, too, there was an intricate system of fortifications. The city was, perhaps, configured like a large parallelogram boldly outlined by massive walls with their longer axis being from the east to west. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 48  Harappan Script On the bases of their relative location, planning, defenses and architecture, the three principal divisions are designed tentatively as 'citadel', 'middle town', and 'lower town'. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 49  Harappan Script The citadel at Dholavira, unlike its counterparts at Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa and Kalibangan but like that at Banawali, was laid out in the south of the city area. Like Kalibangan and Surkotada it had two conjoined subdivisions, tentatively christened at Dholavira as 'castle' and 'bailey', located on the east and west respectively, both are fortified ones SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 50  Brahmi Script Brāhmī is the modern name given to the one of the oldest scripts used on the Indian Subcontinent and in Central Asia, during the final centuries BCE and the early centuries CE. Like its contemporary, Kharoṣṭhī, which was used in what is now Afghanistan, Pakistan and North India, Brahmi was an abugida. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 51  Brahmi Script The best-known Brahmi inscriptions are the rock-cut edicts of Ashoka in north-central India, dated to 250-232 BCE. The script was deciphered in 1837 by James Prinsep, an archaeologist, philologist, and official of the British East India Company. The origin of the script is still much debated, with Western academic opinion generally agreeing (with some exceptions) that Brahmi was derived from or at least influenced by one or more. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 52  Brahmi Script The Gupta script of the 5th century is sometimes called “Late Brahmi”. The Brahmi script diversified into numerous local variants, classified together as the Brahmic family of scripts. Dozens of modern scripts used across South Asia have descended from Brahmi, making it one of the world’s most influential writing traditions. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 53  Brahmi Script Origins proposed by some scholars since the publicWhile the contemporary and perhaps somewhat older Kharosthi script is widely accepted to be a derivation of the Aramaic script, the genesis of the Brahmi script is less straightforward. An origin in the Imperial Aramaic script has nevertheless been ations by Albrecht Weber (1856) and Georg Bühler’s On the origin of the Indian Brahma alphabet (1895). SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 54  Brahmi Script Bühler’s ideas have been particularly influential, though even by the 1895 date of his great opus on the subject, he could identify no less than five competing theories of the origin, one positing an indigenous origin and four deriving it from various Semitic models. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 55  Brahmi Script SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 56  Daily Quiz 1. Which of the following technique used for making bronze statues during Harappa Civilization? A. Lost Wax Casting B. Stone carving 2. The bust of bearded man figure was found in which of the following archaeological site? A. Mohenjo-Daro B. Lothal 3. Which of the following are the fact of the Harappa Civilization was mainly used for commercial purposes? A. Bronze/metal sculpture B. Stone sculpture C. Seal SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 57  Daily Quiz 4. Who had composed the original Ramayana? A. Rishi Valmiki B. Tulsi Das 5. Lakshmana is considered to be the incarnation of whom? A. Sheshnag B. Lord Shiva 6. What was the name of the forest where Lord Rama, Lakshmana and Goddess Sita stayed during exile? A. Aranya B. Aranyak C. Dandakaranya 7. Define Brahmi scripture. 8. Define Gupt Script. 9. What is dholavira? 10. Discuss harappa civilization. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 58  Summary We have covered the following topics in this lecture: Introduction to Harappa Scripts Introduction to Mohan Jo-Daro Script Introduction to Brahmi Script SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 59  Prerequisite and Recap Introduction to Harappa Scripts Introduction to Mohan Jo-Daro Script Introduction to Brahmi Script SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 60  Topic Mapping with course outcomes Mapping Unit So. Topic Course Level No. Outcom es 1 Harappa Scripts CO1 High II High 2 Mohan Jo-Daro Script & CO1 High Brahmi Script CO3 Low SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 61  Objectives of topic/Session Students will be able to know the following theories: The Vedas The Upanishads And difference between both SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 62  The Vedas The Vedas are the religious texts which inform the religion of Hinduism (also known as Sanatan Dharma meaning “Eternal Order” or “Eternal Path”). The term veda means “knowledge” in that they are thought to contain the fundamental knowledge relating to the underlying cause of, function of, and personal response to existence. They are considered among the oldest, if not the oldest, religious works in the world. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 63  The Vedas There are four "Vedic" Samhitas: the Rig-Veda, Yajur-Veda, Sama- Veda and Atharva-Veda, most of which are available in several recensions (śākhā). In some contexts, the term Veda is used to refer only to these Samhitas, the collection of mantras. Period: c. 1500–1200 BCE (Rig Veda), c. 1200... Language: Vedic Sanskrit Verses: 20,379 mantras Religion: Hinduism SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 64  The Vedas There are four types of Vedas – Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda. One of the best sources of Ancient Indian History is Vedic literature. Vedas have formed the Indian scripture. The ideas and practices of Vedic religion are codified by the Vedas and they also form the basis of classical Hinduism. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 65  The Upanishad Upanishad: The Upanishads are an assortment of texts central to Hinduism that are recorded from oral traditions. They contain information regarding the philosophical principles and concepts of Hinduism, including karma (right action), brahman (ultimate reality), the atman (true Self or soul), moksha (liberation from the cycle of reincarnation) and Vedic doctrines that explain Self-realization through yoga and meditation practices. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 66  The Upanishad Upanishad is a Sanskrit word that translates in English to mean “sitting at the feet of” or “sitting down near." SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 67  The Upanishad S.No Vedas Difference between the VedasUpanishads and the Upanishads: 1 Vedas were composed over a time period The Upanishads were written over a time ranging from 1200 to 400 B.C.E period ranging from 700 to 400 B.C.E 2 Vedas focused on ritualistic details, uses Upanishads focused on Spiritual and traditions. enlightenment. 3 Vedas means knowledge in Sanskrit. It is Upanishad is derived from the words upa known as “Apauruseya” meaning not of (near) and shad (to sit). It is derived from man. the concept of sitting near the feet of the teacher. 4 All the 4 Vedas are compositions of Upanishads are in the last section of any different texts. Vedas. Upanishads are a subcategory of a Veda. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 68  The Upanishad Difference between the Vedas and the Upanishads: S.N Vedas Upanishads o 5 There are 4 different More than 200 Upanishads have been discovered. Vedas – Rigveda, Each Upanishad is associated with a certain Veda. Samaveda, Yajurveda, There are 14 Upanishads which are most well Atharvaveda. known or most important – Katha, Kena, Isa, Mundaka, Prasna, Taittiriya, Chhandogya, Brihadaranyaka, Mandukya, Aitareya, Kaushitaki, Svetasvatara and Maitrayani. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 69  The Upanishad Difference between the Vedas and the Upanishads: S.N Vedas Upanishads o 6 Vedas are subclassified into 4 Upanishads is one among the 4 major text major text types – Samhitas types of Vedas. Upanishads are texts on (Mantras), Aranyakas (Texts spiritual knowledge and philosophy. on rituals, sacrifices, Upanishads originated from each branch of ceremonies), Brahmans (it Vedas. Upanishads deals with the gives explanation of sacred philosophical aspects of life knowledge, it also explains scientific knowledge of Vedic Period) and the 4th type of text is Upanishads. The 3rd types of texts dealt with ritualistic aspects of life. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 70  The Ramayana Background The Ramayana is an ancient Sanskrit epic which follows Prince Rama's quest to rescue his beloved wife Sita from the clutches of Ravana with the help of an army of monkeys. It is traditionally attributed to the authorship of the saint Valmiki and dated to around 500 BCE to 100 BCE. Comprising 24,000 verses in seven cantos, the epic contains the teachings of the very ancient Hindu saints. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 71  The Ramayana One of the most important literary works of ancient India, it has greatly influenced art and culture in the Indian subcontinent and South East Asia, with versions of the story also appearing in the Buddhist canon from a very early date SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 72  The Ramayana The story of Rama has constantly been retold in poetic and dramatic versions by some of India's greatest writers and also in narrative statues on temple walls. It is one of the staples of later dramatic traditions, re-enacted in dance-dramas, village theatre, shadow-puppet theatre and the annual Ram-lila (Rama-play). SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 73  The Ramayana Origins The original five books of an oral epic of local northern significance dealing with a hero and his exile, the abduction of his wife by a rival king and her rescue became conflated into seven books in which the hero Rama became an avatar of the god Vishnu, the scene shifted to encompass the whole of India, and the struggle to recover his wife became a metaphor for the final triumph of the righteous. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 74  The Ramayana A brief summary of the Ramayana: Rama, prince of Ayodhya, won the hand of the beautiful princess Sita but was exiled with her and his brother Laksmana for 14 years through the plotting of his stepmother. In the forest Sita was abducted by Ravana, and Rama gathered an army of monkeys and bears to search for her. The allies attacked Lanka, killed Ravana, and rescued Sita. In order to prove her chastity, Sita entered fire, but was vindicated by the gods and restored to her husband. After the couple's triumphant return to Ayodhya, Rama's righteous rule (Ram-raj) inaugurated a golden age for all mankind. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 75  The Ramayana Characters of the Ramayana: Rama is the hero of the Ramayana epic, an incarnation of the Vishnu. The eldest and favourite son of Dasaratha, King of Ayodhya, he is a virtuous prince and is much loved by the people. He is exiled from Ayodhya due to the plotting of his stepmother, Kaikeyi. Sita is Rama's wife and daughter of King Janaka of Mithila. Sita is the symbole of womanly purity and virtue. Laksmana (seen here) is Rama's younger brother. Completely loyal to Rama, he chooses to go with Rama and Sita when they are exiled from Ayodhya. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 76  The Ramayana Ravana is the king of Lanka and has 10 heads and 20 arms. He received a boon from Brahma that he cannot be killed by anyone, demons or by spirits, after performing a severe penance for 10,000 years. After receiving his reward from Brahma, Ravana began to lay waste to the earth and disturbed the deeds of the Hindu saints. Vishnu incarnates as the human Rama to defeat him, assisted by an army of monkeys and bears, thus cheating the boon given by Brahma. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 77  The Ramayana Dasaratha is the King of Ayodhya, Rama's father. Kausalya is Rama's mother, Dasaratha's chief wife. Kaikeyi is Dasaratha's wife and Rama's stepmother. She demands that Rama be banished to the forest and that her son Bharata be awarded the kingdom instead. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 78  The Ramayana Bharata is the second son of Dasaratha. When he learns that his mother Kaikeyi had forced Rama into exile, causing Dasaratha to die broken hearted, he storms out of the palace and goes in search of Rama. When Rama refuses to return from his exile to assume the throne, Bharata obtains Rama's sandals and places them on the throne as a gesture that Rama is the true king. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 79  The Ramayana Sumitra is Dasharatha's wife and mother of the twins Lakshmana and Satrughna. Hanuman is the wise and resourceful monkey who helps Rama in his quest to defeat Ravana and rescue Sita. Sugriva is the ruler of the monkey kingdom. His throne was taken by his brother Bali, but Rama helps him to defeat the usurper in return for his assistance in finding Sita. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 80  The Mahabharata The Mahabharata is an ancient Sanskrit poem describing the mythical Kurukshetra War between two sets of brothers descended from the king Bharata: the Pandavas and the Kauravas. It is considered so historically important to the Hindu tradition that it is sometimes referred to as the "fifth Veda." The four Vedas are the foundational texts of Hinduism, outlining tenets of the faith and doctrines for living, but none of them discuss the tenet of dharma. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 81  The Mahabharata The Mahabharata takes dharma as its central theme, and the principle is discussed at length in the portion known as the Bhagavad Gita and in Bhisma's extensive conversation with Yudhisthira. The Bhagavad Gita on its own has long been considered a vital text in Hindu philosophy. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 82  The Mahabharata Mahabharata Character List: Yudhishtra The eldest of the Pandava brothers, Yudhisthira is their leader as both king and commander in battle. A bad series of dice games he plays lands him, his wife, and his brothers in exile for 13 years, which precipitates a war between the Pandavas and Duryodhana. Yudhisthira is described as living fully by dharma, and in turn always has the gods on his side. Arjuna One of the Pandavas brothers, he is the greatest warrior of all the brothers, having been trained by his future military opponent Drona. Arjuna is a skilled archer and popular with women. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 83  The Mahabharata Karna Karna is technically the oldest of the Pandava brothers, but was raised by adoptive parents, and therefore does not consider himself part of the family. He fights alongside Duryodhana, and is ultimately killed by Arjuna. The Pandavas are devastated to later know that Karna was one of their own. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 84  The Mahabharata Dhritarashtra The blind king of Hastinapur who believes his blindness is a curse upon him, he gives birth to 100 sons who are demons incarnate. The most powerful of these sons is Duryodhana, who leads the 100 brothers into war against the Pandavas. From early on, Dhritarashtra is well aware that fate is working against Duryodhana, and the blind king urges with his son over and over to compromise with the Pandavas, lest he violate dharma. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 85  The Mahabharata Draupadi The wife of the five Pandava brothers, Draupadi is a celebrated princess who is widely regarded as the most beautiful woman in the world. During their years in exile, Draupadi must pose as a maidservant and suffer a series of indignities, including an attempted rape by one of Duryodhana's brothers. The humiliation she suffers ends up being one of the causes of the great battle that the Mahabharata revolves around. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 86  The Mahabharata Duryodhana The leader of 100 demon brothers who are all born of the blind king Dhritarashtra, Duryodhana is portrayed as living in flagrant violation of dharma. He is motivated by greed, jealously, and a desire for retribution, tricking Yudhisthira into a dice game that ultimately robs the Pandavas of their kingdom, and gladly engaging them in war when they return from exile and seek what is rightfully theirs. Duryodhana hides in a lake after all his warriors are killed, and is ulimately killed by Bhima. In the afterlife, he resides in hell. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 87  The Mahabharata Bhima The strongest of the Pandavas, Bhima is often the brother who kills the brothers' greatest enemies and protectors them from their most skilled aggressors. Bhima is often described as "wolf-bellied" and is ruthless in acts of violence. Krishna The god who assists the Pandavas throughout the story, Krishna helps them understand their dharma as rulers and fighters in the war. His speech on dharma and action to Arjuna is known as the "Bhagavad Gita," and has been accepted as central to the Hindu tradition alongside the traditional Vedic texts. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 88  The Mahabharata Drona At the time of the story, Drona is an 85-year-old man who fights like a 16-year-old. Even though he fights on behalf of Duryodhana, he shares a close bond with the Pandavas, having trained Arjuna as a warrior. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 89  Daily Quiz 1. Tell the name of Vedas. 2. What is scripture? 3. What is Upanishad? 4. Tell about Dronacharya in Mahabharata. 5. Tell about five characters of Ramayana. 6. Tell five Characters of Mahabharata. 7. Define Brahmi scripture. 8. Define Gupt Script. 9. What is dholavira? 10. Who killed Ravana? SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 90  Summary We have covered the following topics in this lecture: The Ramayana The Mahabharata SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 91  Prerequisite and Recap Introduction to Vedas The Ramayana The Mahabharata SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 92  Topic Mapping with course outcomes Mapping Unit So. Topic Course Level No. Outcom es 1 Puran CO2 High II High 2 Bodh & Jain Religion CO2 High CO4 Low 3 Kautilya Arthashastra CO2 Mediu CO4 m Low 4 Famous Sanskrit CO1 Low Authors CO3 Low 5 Literature of Kannad & CO2 Mediu Telugu CO1 SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS m 93  Objectives of topic/Session Students will be able to know the following concepts: The Purans Bodh Literature Jain Literature Kautilya Arthashastra Famous Sanskrit Authors Kannad Literature Telugu Literature SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 94  The Purans The Puranas, literally ''ancient'' writings, function as one part of scripture for the Hindu tradition. These texts were written over a long period of time from about the fourth century BCE to the eleventh century and were described to Vyasa, the Hindu sage who is also credited with writing the famous epic Mahabharata. The Puranas offer answers to the big life questions by detailing how the world was created and who created it. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 95  The Purans Pancha Lakshana – the 5 Characteristics of a Purana: Sarga: Some scholars say this should be the proper breakdown into chapters, while some others are of the opinion that sarga means creation. So the Purana should have proper distinction about chapters and it should speak about the creation of the universe. Pratisarga: Again some say this relates to sub-chapters. Others opine that it should be about secondary creations, mostly re-creations after dissolution. Vamsa: It should speak about the great Vamshas or the Genealogy of the great Rishis and the Devatas. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 96  The Purans Manvataranicha: It should speak about the Manavantaras or reigns of Manus. Each Manu rules over an eon, each of which is shorter than the preceding ones. Currently, we are in the vyavastha manvantaram. Vamasanucharitam: It should give a detailed description of the dynasties of Kings who lived and ruled this world – mostly, the great SuryaVamsh and the Chandra SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 97  Buddhism It is famous as it is the place where Gautama Buddha is said to have attained Enlightenment (Pali: bodhi) under what became known as the Bodhi Tree. Since antiquity, Bodh Gaya has remained the object of pilgrimage and veneration both for Hindus and Buddhists. Buddhism, religion and philosophy that developed from the teachings of the Buddha, a teacher who lived in northern India between the mid-6th and mid-4th centuries BCE (before the Common Era). Spreading from India to Central and Southeast Asia, China, Korea, and Japan, Buddhism has played a central role in the spiritual, cultural, and social life of Asia, and, beginning in the 20th century, it spread to the West. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 98  Buddhism Types of Buddhism Today, many forms of Buddhism exist around the world. The three main types that represent specific geographical areas include: Theravada Buddhism: Prevalent in Thailand, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Laos and Burma Mahayana Buddhism: Prevalent in China, Japan, Taiwan, Korea, Singapore and Vietnam Tibetan Buddhism: Prevalent in Tibet, Nepal, Mongolia, Bhutan, and parts of Russia and northern India SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 99  Buddhism Dharma Buddha’s teachings are known as “dharma.” He taught that wisdom, kindness, patience, generosity and compassion were important virtues. Specifically, all Buddhists live by five moral precepts, which prohibit: Killing living things Taking what is not given Sexual misconduct Lying Using drugs or alcohol SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 100  Buddhism Buddhist Holy Book Buddhists revere many sacred texts and scriptures. Some of the most important are: Tipitaka: These texts, known as the “three baskets,” are thought to be the earliest collection of Buddhist writings. Sutras: There are more than 2,000 sutras, which are sacred teachings embraced mainly by Mahayana Buddhists. The Book of the Dead: This Tibetan text describes the stages of death in detail. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 101  Kautilya Arthashastra Arthashastra Word "Arthashastra" is Originated From Sanskrit and it means "Science of Politics" OR The economics of a society or industry is the system of organizing money and trade in it. Kautilya Arthashastra Was written By Chanakya Also Known as Vishnugupta and Kautilya(derived from his Gotra). This Books Contains a vast variety of Subjects which Include Economy, Politics, Military, Warfare, taxation and many other. Note: According to him: “Vishnugupta is the personal name of the author, Chanakya derived from his father's name Chanak and Kautilya derived from his Gotra – Kutila.” Another SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 102  Kautilya Arthashastra Chanakya was an Indian Statesman, Great philosopher, Advisory of King and first ruler of the Mauryan Empire. He Able to Unite All Kings and Dynasties under one Empire through his diplomacy and Politics tactics. He Helped Chandragupta Mauryan Defeat Alexander(So called Alexander the great). He Gives Idea of India before British and able to Achieve it. Kautilya Arthashastra Contains 15 Books and with each Book Containing More than 20 Chapters about Various Topics. Book I: Summary In Book One Kautilya Taught Us about Life of a King, association with the aged, creations of ministers & councillors and priest,spies and espionage, Duty of King and Many others things. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 103  Kautilya Arthashastra Book II: Summary Book Two Taught Us about Distribution of Land, formation of villages, Constructions of forts, collection of revenue, handling mines and construction operations, duties of various superintendents (eg: superintendents of Storehouse, commerce, forest product, armoury, weight and measures, tolls and many other things) Book III: Summary Book Three Contains Things Like Determinations of forms of agreement, Concerning marriage, duty of wife, division of inheritance, buildings, sales of buildings, recovery of debts, concerning deposits, rules for labours and slaves, robbery, defamation, assault, gambling and many other things. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 104  Kautilya Arthashastra Book IV: Summary In Book Four Chanakya Taught Us about protections of artisans, protections of ministers, protection against natural disasters,detection of youth of criminal tendency by spies, examination of death, death penalty, penalty for rape. Book V: Summary Book Five Teaches us about Concerning the awards of punishments, replenishment of treasury, Concerning subsistence to government servants, conduct of courtier and more related stuff. Book VI: Summary In Book Six Kautilya Taught us About Sovereignty if a nation and peace and exertion. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 105  Kautilya Arthashastra Book VII: Summary Book Seven contains things like alliance of states, character of different kings, treaty of peace, establishing normality after war, the march of combining power, Six-fold policy, agreement of peace for the acquisition of land, agreement of undertaking a work, recruitment of lost power, attitude of conquered king, making peace and related stuff Book VIII: Summary Book eight tells us about considering trouble of the king and kingdom, trouble of army, trouble of a friend and various types of troubles. Book IX: Summary In Book Nine chanakya tell us how to prepare for a upcoming invasion and how to prepare kingdom for a war. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 106  Kautilya Arthashastra Book X: Summary Book Ten contains things like preparing army for a war and taking various cautions for upcoming war. Book XI: Summary In Book eleven chanakya taught us about cause of Dissension and conduct of corporations. Book XII: Summary Book Twelve contains things like duties of a messenger, battle of intrigue, slaying the commander in chief, spied with weapon, capturing enemy. Book XIII: Summary In Book Thirteen Kautilya tell us how to capture a fortress and set a perfect siege and various thing related to it. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 107  Kautilya Arthashastra Book XIV: Summary Book fourteen tells us about means to injure enemy, curing injured army mens, application of medicines. Book XV: Summary In Book Fifteen chanakya tells us about treaties. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 108  Kautilya Arthashastra Book I: Concerning Discipline Book II: Government Superintendents Book III: Concerning Law Book IV : The Removal of Thorns Book V : The Conduct of Courtiers Book VI : The Source of Sovereign Book VII : The End of the Six-Fold Policy Book VIII : Concerning Vices and Calamities Book IX : The Work of an Invader Book X : Relating to War Book XI: The Conduct of Corporations Book XII: Concerning a Powerful Enemy Book XIII: Strategic Means to Capture a Fortress Book XIV: Secret Means Book XV: The Plan of a Treatise SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 109  Famous Sanskrit Authors S.No Books Authors 1 Mudrarakshasa Visakdatta 2 Rajtarangini Kalhana 3 Kathasaritsagar Somdeva 4 Kamasutra Vatsayana 5 Prashnottarmalika Amoghavarsha 6 Swapanvasdattam Bhasa 7 Buddha charita Asvaghosa 8 Natyashastra Bharata 9 Abhigyan Shakuntala Vikramorvashi Kalidasa Raghuvansan 11 Panch tantra Vishnu Sharma 12 Nitisara Kamandaka 13 Aihole Prasasti Ravi Kriti SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 110  Famous Sanskrit Authors S.No Books Authors 14 Indica Megasthanese 15 Arthasastra Kautilya 16 Charaka Samhita Charaka 17 Lilawati Bhaskara II 18 Harshacharita Kadambari Harsha vardhan Nagananda Ratnavali 19 Gathasaptashati Hala 20 Nitisara Kamandaka 21 Astadhyayi Panini 22 Mahabhasya Patanjli SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 111  Famous Sanskrit Authors S.No Books Authors 21 Naishadhacharitra Sri Harsha 22 Mrichhakatika Sudraka 23 Gitagovinda Jayadev 24 Navratna Virsena SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 112  Telugu Literature Telugu Literature: Telugu literature is the body of works written in the Telugu language. It consists of poems, short stories, novels, plays, and song lyrics, among others.The language experienced a golden age under the patronage of the Vijayanagara king-poet Krishnadevaraya. Kandukuri Viresalingam Pantulu, the father of modern Telugu literature inspired by the Vicar of Wakefield wrote a novel called Rajasekhara Charitamu. He was the first and the greatest among modern times, who used literature to suppress social evils and superstitions. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 113  Kannada Literature 1. Western Ganga Dynasty (350-999): Pujyapada (Sarvathasiddi, Jinendra Vyakarana, KalayanaKaraka in Sanskrit) Jinasena II (Adipurana – Sanskrit) Ajitasena Bharavi Akalanka or Nemichandrasiddanta King Madhava II (370-390 AD) (Dattaka Sutrain Sanskrit) Gunavarma (Kannada Grammar) Nagavarma (Chandombhudhi) Jinasena I (738 AD) (Harivamsha – Sanskrit) SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 114  Kannada Literature 2. Rashtrakutas (753-973) Trivikrama (Nalachampu in Sanskrit) Halayudha (Kavirahasya and Mritasanjivini) Somadevasuri (Nitikavyamrita) Mahaviracharya (Ganita-sara-samgraha) Padma pada Visvarupa Virasenacharya (Jayadhavala-tika) Jinasenacharya (Parsvabhyudaya Mahapurana, Dhavala) Gunabhadra (Uttarapurana – Sanskrit) Pushpadanta Akalanka SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 115  Kannada Literature 3. Western Chalukyas (973-1189): Chandraraja (Madanatilaka, a work on erotics – Kannada) Shridharacharya (Jatakatilaka is a work on astrology – Kannada) Kirtivarma (1125 AD) (Govaidya on veterinary science – Kannada) Durgasimha (panchatantra – Kannada) Nagavarma (Kavyavalokana – Kannada) Brahmashiva (Samayaparikshe – Kannada) Devara Dasimayya (Vachanakara belonged to this period – Kannada) Vadiraja ( Yashodharacharitam and Parshvanatha Charitam – Sanskrit) SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 116  Kannada Literature 4. Hoysala Empire (1000–1346) Nagachandra (Ramachandra Charita Purana, and Mallinathapurana – Kannada. He is known as Abhinava Pampa). Kanti (poet) Vishnudandadipa Santa Mahanta Harihara (Girija Kalyana, BasavarajadevaraRagale – Kannada) Mahabalakavi (1254 AD) (Neminatha Purana – Kannada) Sumanobana – Kannada poet Padmarasa (Dikshabodhe – Kannada) Hastimalla (1290 AD) (Adipurana) Trivikrama (Ushaharana, Dvaita philosophy – Sanskrit) SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 117  Kannada Literature 5. The Kalachuri kingdom (1130–1184) Renukacharya Darukacharya Ekoramacharya Panditaradhyacharya Vishwaradhyacharya Akkamahadevi Nilambike Gangambike Allama Prabhu Siddarama Chennabasava Madivala Machayya (vachanakara- Kannada) SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 118  Kannada Literature 6. Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri(850-1315): Kamalabhava (Santhishwarapurana – Kannada) Achanna (Varadhamanapurana – Kannada) Amugudevi – Vachanakara Chundarasa of Pandharapura (DashakumaraCharite – Kannada) 7. Vijayanagara Empire (1335–1565) Narahri or Kumara Valmiki (1500 AD) (Torave Ramayana in Kannada & Smriti Kaustubha in Sanskrit) Vittalanatha (Bhagavatha)-Kannada Ratnakarvarni (16th century) (Bharatesha Vaibhava, Triloka Sataka, Someswara Sataka) – Kannada Nanjunda -Kumara Rama Charita (16th century) – Kannada BhimaKavi – Basavapurana(1369 AD) – Kannada Padmanaka – Kannada SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 119  Kannada Literature 8. Haridasa (1484–1564 AD): Narahari Thirtha Padmanabha Thirtha Akshobhya Thirtha 9. Later Haridasa (1600–1671 AD): Vijaya Dasa (1687–1755 AD) Mohana Dasa Gopala Dasa (1721–1762 AD) Helavanakatte Giriyamma SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 120  Kannada Literature 10. Kannada literature from old Bangalore (18th – 21st century AD): 18th Century Kannada Guru Nanjesh (Jayastuti) Ekambara Dikshit (Veerabhdra Vijaya) Jayaram Pande (Radha Madhava Vilasa) 19th Century Kannada Siddhanti Velanada Subramanya Shastri Siddhanti Shivakumara Shastri Srinivasa Nagasharma Dakshinamurthy Shastri SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 121  Kannada Literature 20th century Kannada Bidare Ashwatha Narayana shastri (Dhammapada) B. Puttiah (printing technology) Panyam Sudarashastri (a translation of Bhasa Dharma) S.K. Nasasimhaiya (biography of Magadi Kempe Gowda) 20th century Sanskrit Keerthanakaras Singeri NarasimhaShastri M. Lakshminarasimha Shastri Varada Desikachar SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 122  Kannada Literature 20th century Kannada Bidare Ashwatha Narayana shastri (Dhammapada) B. Puttiah (printing technology) Panyam Sudarashastri (a translation of Bhasa Dharma) S.K. Nasasimhaiya (biography of Magadi Kempe Gowda) 20th century Sanskrit Keerthanakaras Singeri NarasimhaShastri M. Lakshminarasimha Shastri Varada Desikachar SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 123  Daily Quiz 1. Tell about Dharma. 2. What is Purans? 3. Define Sarga. 4. Tell about Karn in Mahabharata. 5. Tell about five characters of Ramayana. 6. Tell about Vyas. 7. Who introduced Buddhism? 8. Define Tipitaka. 9. What is dholavira? 10. Who was chanakya? SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 124  Summary We have covered the following topics in this lecture: The Purans Bodh Literature Jain Literature Kautilya Arthashastra Famous Sanskrit Authors Kannad Literature Telugu Literature SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 125  Prerequisite and Recap The Purans Bodh Literature Jain Literature Kautilya Arthashastra Famous Sanskrit Authors Kannad Literature Telugu Literature SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 126  Topic Mapping with course outcomes Mapping Unit So. Topic Course Level No. Outcom es 1 Literature,Malayalam CO3 High II Literature High 2 Sangama Literature CO2 High Northern Indian CO4 Low Languages & Literature 3 Persian And Urdu CO2 Mediu Literature CO4 m Low 4 Hindi Literature CO1 Low CO3 Low SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 127  Topic Objectives Understanding the following topics: Malayalam Literature Sangama Literature Northern Indian Languages & Literature Persian And Urdu Hindi Literature SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 128  Malayalam Literature Malayalam literature, body of writing in the Malayalam language of South India. The earliest extant literary work is Ramacharitam (late 12th or early 13th century). In the subsequent period, besides a popular pattu (song) literature, there flourished a literature of mainly erotic poetry composed in the Manipravalam style, an admixture of Malayalam and Sanskrit. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 129  Malayalam Literature Dance Drama Malayalam poetry’s close link with dance and theatre produced two major poets, Kunjan Nambiar (1705-70) and Unnayi Variyar (a contemporary). Nambiar’s racy verse narratives of mythological stories were written for thullal, a recitation-and-dance form of theatre he invented. Kerala is also known as the home of kathakali. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 130  Malayalam Literature Modern Period Prose In the 19th century, as a result of the work of Christian missionaries, the uses of prose were greatly extended. The process was accelerated by the production of textbooks for schools. Furthermore, the dissemination of European literature led to attempts at literary composition on Western lines. In 1889 there appeared the first novel in Malayalam, Oyyarathu Chandu Menon’s Indulekha, which portrays the effect of Western ideas on an orthodox Hindu family. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 131  Malayalam Literature Poetry Before independence the work of poets writing in the various national languages gave impetus to the nationalist movement. The outstanding representative of Malayalam was Vallattol Narayana Menon. Before he turned to patriotic verses, he translated Sanskrit works and wrote a number of poems on Sanskrit models. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 132  Malayalam Literature Drama Modern drama began with the farces written in the first decade of the 20th century by C.V. Raman Pillai in imitation of Shakespeare and Molière. In the 1930s, however, new trends became visible in drama, espousing social reform through theatre performances. The plays of N. Krishna Pillai and Pulimana Parameswaran Pillai heralded a new movement in serious theatre. Postmodernist elements in drama surfaced in the works of later writers like Narendra Prasad, Balachandran, and C.N. Srinath. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 133  Urdu Literature Urdu started developing in north India around Delhi in about the 12th century. It was based on the language spoken in the region around Delhi, and it was heavily influenced by Arabic and Persian, as well as Turkish. During the 14th and 15th centuries, much poetry and literature began to be written in Urdu. Urdu literature, writings in the Urdu language of the Muslims of Pakistan and northern India. The Urdu literature is the work of Muslim writers who take their themes from the life of the Indian subcontinent. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 134  Urdu Literature Native speakers: 70 million Language family: Hindustani language, & More Regulated by: National Language Promotion Department, National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language Writing system: Devanagari, Bharati Braille, Arabic script, Urdu Braille Native to: Pakistan, India Official language in: Pakistan, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Telangana, Bihar, Jammu and Kashmir SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 135  Urdu Literature Khutoot-i-Ghalib: letters by the great bard. Khutoot-i-Ghalib was written by Allama Iqbal. Aab-i-hayat. A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi and English by John T. Platts. Noor-ul-lughaat. Pitras ke mazameen. Aag ka darya: a novel by Qurrat-ul-Ain Hyder. Wazir Agha. Aanandi by Ghulam Abbas. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 136  Hindi Literature Introduction to Hindi Literature: Hindi is the name given to an Indo-Aryan language, or a dialect continuum of languages, spoken in northern and central India (the "Hindi belt") Native speakers of Hindi dialects between them account for 41% of the Indian population (2001 Indian census). As defined in the Constitution, Hindi is one of the two official languages of communication (English being the other) for India's federal government and is one of the 22 scheduled languages specified in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 137  Hindi Literature Hindi is often described as Standard Hindi, which along with English, is used for administration of the central government. Hindustani or Standard Hindi is also an official language of Fiji. Standard Hindi is a sanskritised register derived from the khari boli dialect. Urdu is a different, persianised register of the same dialect. Literature in the adikal(The early period): In the early period of Hindi or Adi Kaal (prior to1400 A.D.), Hindi literature indeed had greatly matured in the states of Kannauj, Delhi, Ajmer and even extending up to central India, in present-day modern Madhya Pradesh. Delhi was then ruled by Prithviraj Chauhan (1168-1192 C.E.). It was precisely during this time when Prithviraj Chauhan's court poet, Chand Bardai, had penned a panegyric to him, titled Prithviraj Raso, which was considered one of the first and finest works in the History of Hindi Literature. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 138  Hindi Literature Adikal in Hindi literature began from the middle of the 10th century and made its curtain call in the beginning of the 14th century. Poetry of this period has been divided into three categories, basically comprising: Apabhramsa Poetry, Heroic Poetry and Miscellaneous Poetry. During the later part of the Adi Kal and beginning of Bhakti Kal, many saint-poets like Ramanand and Gorakhnath had turned famous. The earliest form of Hindi and its literature can also be witnessed in some of Vidyapati's Maithili works. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 139  Hindi Literature Literature in the bhaktikal (The devotional period): The period between the 14th and the 17th century, known as the Bhakti Kal or the Devotional Period, witnessed the rise of Bhakti Kavyas or devotional poetry. This form of poetry has been divided into two schools: Nirguna and Saguna Schools depending upon the devotional attitude of the poets towards the Lord. The Nirgunas believed in a formless god, while the Sagunas believed in a human incarnation of god. The Nirgunas have been further divided into two groups on the basis of the different sadhanas (disciplines) followed by them. One group includes Kabir, Guru Nanak, Dharma Das, Maluk Das, Dadudayal, Sunder Das etc, who emphasised on monotheism through their Sakhis (couplets) and Padas (songs). SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 140  Hindi Literature Literature in the Adhunik Kal: The Adhunik kal or the Modern Period in Hindi literature begins in the midth of the 19th century. The Hindi prose evolved in this period. There was a spreading of the use of Khariboli in poetry in place of Brajbhasha. This period is divided into four phases as follows: Bharatendu Yug or the Renaissance (1868-1893) Dwivedi Yug (1893-1918) Chhayavada Yug (1918-1937) Contemporary Period (1937 onwards). SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 141  Hindi Literature Bhartendu Yug Bharatendu Harishchandra (1849-1882) is known to have brought in a modern outlook in Hindi literature. He is described as “Father of Modern Hindi Literature”. Other writers of this period include Radhakrishna Das, Pratapnarayan Mishra, Balkrishna Bhatta, Badrinarayan Chaudhuri and Sudhakar Dwivedi Dwivedi Yug Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi (1868-1938) is regarded as the architect of modern Hindi prose. He brought in the refined prose writing. Dwivedi Yug is known for portrayel of various social, political and economic problems in Hindi Literature. Other important writers of this period are Nathuram Sharma Shankar, Ayodhya Sinha Upadhyay , Maithalisharan Gupt, Ram Naresh Tripathi etc. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 142  Hindi Literature Chhayavad (Shadowism) Kal Chhayavad refers to the romantic upsurge in poetry, in which emphasis was laid on aesthetic and romantic subject matter instead of the formalism and didacticism Important poets of this era include Makhanlal Chaturvedi, Jayashankar Prasad, Surya Kant Tripathi ‘Nirala’, Sumitranandan Pant, Mahadevi Verma and Subhadrakumari Chauhan. Adhunuk Kal The decline of the Chayavad movement saw the emergence of several different styles in Hindi poetry such as Pragativada (progressive poetry), Hridayavad (poetry of passion) and Prayogavad (Poetry of experiments). SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 143  Daily Quiz 1. Which of the following technique used for making bronze statues during Harappa Civilisation? A. Lost Wax Casting B. Stone carving C. Wood carving D. Ivory carving 2. The bust of bearded man figure was found in which of the following archaeological site? A. Mohenjo-Daro B. Lothal C. Harappa D. Dholavira SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 144  Daily Quiz 3. Which of the following are the fact of the Harappa Civilization was mainly used for commercial purposes? A. Bronze/metal sculpture B. Stone sculpture C. Seal D. Terracotta sculpture 4. Who had composed the original Ramayana? A. Rishi Valmiki B. Tulsi Das C. Sant Ek Nath D. Anhinanda SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 145  Daily Quiz 5. Lakshmana is considered to be the incarnation of whom? A. Lord Vishnu B. Lord Shiva C. Lord Brahma D. Sheshnag 6. What was the name of the forest where Lord Rama, Lakshmana and Goddess Sita stayed during exile? A. Aranya B. Aranyak C. Dandakaranya D. Karanya SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 146  Daily Quiz 7. Tell about Karn in Mahabharata. 8. Tell about five characters of Ramayana. 9. Tell about Vyas. 10. Who introduced Buddhism? SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 147  Weekly Assignment Q.1Throw the light on force theory of ancient state. Q.2 Discuss the evolutionary theory of ancient state Q.3Throw the light on Mahabharata. Q.4 Discuss the holy book “The Ramayan.” SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 148  Video Links Youtube/other Video Links: https://youtu.be/X2SXJiSv3R4 https://youtu.be/7PuuAgeSRpU https://youtu.be/RVT60SA3KgM https://youtu.be/dK53fX97jlc SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 149  MCQs 1. Which of the following technique used for making bronze statues during Harappa Civilisation? A. Lost Wax Casting B. Stone carving C. Wood carving D. Ivory carving 2. The bust of bearded man figure was found in which of the following archaeological site? A. Mohenjo-Daro B. Lothal C. Harappa D. Dholavira SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 150  MCQs 3. Which of the following are the fact of the Harappa Civilization was mainly used for commercial purposes? A. Bronze/metal sculpture B. Stone sculpture C. Seal D. Terracotta sculpture 4. Who had composed the original Ramayana? A. Rishi Valmiki B. Tulsi Das C. Sant Ek Nath D. Anhinanda SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 151  MCQs 5. Lakshmana is considered to be the incarnation of whom? A. Lord Vishnu B. Lord Shiva C. Lord Brahma D. Sheshnag 6. What was the name of the forest where Lord Rama, Lakshmana and Goddess Sita stayed during exile? A. Aranya B. Aranyak C. Dandakaranya D. Karanya SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 152  MCQ s 7. Who among the following said “Liberty is the opposite of over government”? A. Seeley B. Prof. Ramsay Muir C. Laski D. J.S Mill 8. What is meant by Social Justice. A. All should have same Political Rights. B. All should have same Economic rights. C. All kinds of discrimination and privileges based on caste, colour, creed and sex should be eliminated. D. All should have the right to freedom of religion. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 153  MCQ s 9. Traditional approach give stress on: A. Values. B. Facts. C. Objectivity. D. Precision. 10. Hobbes Theory of Social Contract is explained in his book. A. Republic. B. Prince. C. Social Contract. D. Leviathan. 11. Which one of the following is not relevant to Traditional Approach. A. Philosophical B. Historical. C. Institutional D. Behavioural. 12. Integration of Political Science with other Social Sciences Is a basic principle of A. Traditionalism. B. Behaviouralism. C. Liberalism. D. Post – Behaviouralism. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 154  MCQ s 13. Integration of Political Science with other Social Sciences Is a basic principle of A. Traditionalism. B. Behaviouralism. C. Liberalism. D. Post – Behaviouralism. 14. The success of democracy depends upon A. Periodic Elections. B. Voting. C. Campaigning in The Elections. D. All of the above 15. Who wrote the book ‘A Grammar of politics’ A. Laski B. Hegal C. J.S Mill D T.H Green SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 155  MCQ s 16. The concept of Greek, ‘Justice’ was A. Legal B. Moral C. Social D. Political 17. The origin of democracy can be traced back to A. Ancient Greek City States B. Medieval Period C. Modern Era D. Feudalism SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 156  Glossary Select the correction answer : a. Moral b. Ancient Greek City States c. Behaviouralism d. Laski e. Value 1. The concept of Greek, ‘Justice’ was…… 2. The origin of democracy can be traced back to….. 3. Integration of Political Science with other Social Sciences Is a basic principle of ………. 4. The book “A Grammar of politics” was written by………. 5. Traditional approach give stress on…………. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 157  Old Questions Papers Q.1Throw the light on force theory of ancient state. Q.2 Discuss the evolutionary theory of ancient state Q.3Throw the light on the Council of Ministers Administration Political Ideals in Ancient India Conditions’ of the Welfare of Societies. Q.4Throw the light on Mahabharata. Q.5 Discuss the holy book “The Ramayan.” Q.6 State your views on Boddhism. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 158  Expected Questions for University Exam Q.1Throw the light on force theory of ancient state. Q.2 Discuss the evolutionary theory of ancient state Q.3Throw the light on the Council of Ministers Administration Political Ideals in Ancient India Conditions’ of the Welfare of Societies. Q.4Throw the light on Mahabharata. Q.5 Discuss the holy book “The Ramayan.” Q.6 State your views on Boddhism. SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 159  Summary We have covered the following topics in this lecture: Malayalam Literature Sangama Literature Northern Indian Languages & Literature Persian And Urdu Hindi Literature SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 160  Recap of unit Introduction to Indian Tradition, Culture and Literature Introduction to Harappan Script and Brahmi Script The Vedas, the Upanishads The Ramayana and the Mahabharata & Puranas Buddhist And Jain Literature in Pali Telugu Literature, Kannada Literature, Malayalam Literature Sangama Literature Northern Indian Languages & Literature, Persian And Urdu ,Hindi Literature SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 161  References References : 1. V. Sivaramakrishna (Ed.), Cultural Heritage of India-Course Material, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Mumbai, 5th Edition, 2014 2. S. Baliyan, Indian Art and Culture, Oxford University Press, India 3. Swami Jitatmanand, Modern Physics and Vedant, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan 4. Romila Thapar, Readings In Early Indian History Oxford University Press , India SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 162 Thank You SHIVAM KUMAR SINHA B.TECH 01 SEM ,CS DS 163