History and Civilization: Philosophers PDF

/ History and civilization Chapter3 Philosophers: Ancient Greek and Roman philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle laid the foundations for Western philosophy, influencing our understan...

/ History and civilization Chapter3 Philosophers: Ancient Greek and Roman philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle laid the foundations for Western philosophy, influencing our understanding of the world today. They used reason and logic to explore the cosmos and human morality, guiding philosophy and science for thousands of years. Pre-Socratic philosophers: 1) Thales of Miletus "the first Greek philosopher": In the 7th century BC, Greek philosophy focused on natural science rather than moral issues. Thales of Miletus, born in Miletus in 624 BC, was part of a new movement to understand the universe's structure. As a Monist, he believed the universe was built around one element, which he believed was necessary for life and the creation of the cosmos. Thales concluded f tiatf @fil:"e r met the se conditions1 making him one of the earliest thinkers to investigate natural-world explanations not based on Gods. He established the Milesian School and taught students like Pythagoras..2) Pythagoras "the father of mathematics": Pythagoras, born in 570 BC, was considered the Father of Mathematics. He believed mathematics provided a rational explanation for the universe's workings and governed everything in the universe. Pythagoras discovered complex relationships between numbers through proportions and ratios. He studied geometry and made significant scientific breakthroughs, impacting architecture and mathematics. He was one of the first ancient Greek philosophers to use deductive reasoning, influencing later philosophers like Plato. Pythagoras may have believed his intellectual breakthroughs were heavenly truths, as the Pythagoreans ascribed spiritual significance to numbers.  The great three: 3) (Socrates: ~.A d..tu"l~l, ~