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Questions and Answers
What is considered the biggest threat to our current way of life?
What is considered the biggest threat to our current way of life?
Which of the following is a significant consequence of biodiversity loss?
Which of the following is a significant consequence of biodiversity loss?
What do cognitive views emphasize in environmental aesthetics?
What do cognitive views emphasize in environmental aesthetics?
What is a central feature of non-cognitive views in environmental aesthetics?
What is a central feature of non-cognitive views in environmental aesthetics?
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Which aspect of human well-being is NOT directly affected by biodiversity loss?
Which aspect of human well-being is NOT directly affected by biodiversity loss?
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In cognitive views, what is essential for appropriate aesthetic appreciation of works of art?
In cognitive views, what is essential for appropriate aesthetic appreciation of works of art?
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What does the loss of biodiversity contribute to in terms of societal challenges?
What does the loss of biodiversity contribute to in terms of societal challenges?
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Which statement accurately represents a challenge posed by climate change?
Which statement accurately represents a challenge posed by climate change?
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Which philosophical discipline does the individual focus on?
Which philosophical discipline does the individual focus on?
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What is the implication of the absence of freedom according to the content?
What is the implication of the absence of freedom according to the content?
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What kind of relationship is referred to by 'I and Thou'?
What kind of relationship is referred to by 'I and Thou'?
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What does the 'I and It' relationship imply about how one views others?
What does the 'I and It' relationship imply about how one views others?
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Which of the following is considered an obstacle to dialogue?
Which of the following is considered an obstacle to dialogue?
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How is 'Escapism' defined in the content?
How is 'Escapism' defined in the content?
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What is a key characteristic of love as suggested by the content?
What is a key characteristic of love as suggested by the content?
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What does conformity with groups imply concerning loneliness?
What does conformity with groups imply concerning loneliness?
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What defines the term intrinsic value in relation to living beings?
What defines the term intrinsic value in relation to living beings?
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What does the concept of ecocentrism emphasize?
What does the concept of ecocentrism emphasize?
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Which philosopher is associated with Ecofeminism?
Which philosopher is associated with Ecofeminism?
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What is indicated by the term 'vincible ignorance'?
What is indicated by the term 'vincible ignorance'?
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What role does 'will' play in human acts?
What role does 'will' play in human acts?
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Which statement best describes the holistic view of ecosystems?
Which statement best describes the holistic view of ecosystems?
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Which of these is considered a modifier of human acts?
Which of these is considered a modifier of human acts?
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What is implied by the term 'freedom' in the context of human acts?
What is implied by the term 'freedom' in the context of human acts?
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What does the term 'Utang na Loob' refer to in Filipino culture?
What does the term 'Utang na Loob' refer to in Filipino culture?
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Which characteristic reflects the Filipinos' ability to adjust to changing situations?
Which characteristic reflects the Filipinos' ability to adjust to changing situations?
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Which of the following demographics is described as family-oriented in contrast to individualistic?
Which of the following demographics is described as family-oriented in contrast to individualistic?
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What aspect of Filipino personality is highlighted by the term 'Pakikipagkapwa-Tao'?
What aspect of Filipino personality is highlighted by the term 'Pakikipagkapwa-Tao'?
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The concept of culture is described as what type of behavior in society?
The concept of culture is described as what type of behavior in society?
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Which of the following characteristics signifies the diligent work ethic of Filipinos?
Which of the following characteristics signifies the diligent work ethic of Filipinos?
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What does the Filipino value of 'Faith and Religiosity' signify?
What does the Filipino value of 'Faith and Religiosity' signify?
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What trait encompasses the role of family in Filipino society?
What trait encompasses the role of family in Filipino society?
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What does the principle of paternalism entail?
What does the principle of paternalism entail?
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According to legal moralism, what is permissible for the state?
According to legal moralism, what is permissible for the state?
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Which of the following best describes Hobbes' view on human nature?
Which of the following best describes Hobbes' view on human nature?
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What are the four elements that make up a state according to the given content?
What are the four elements that make up a state according to the given content?
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What is a key characteristic of Machiavellianism?
What is a key characteristic of Machiavellianism?
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What is one consequence of the social contract according to Hobbes?
What is one consequence of the social contract according to Hobbes?
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What is implied by the concept of a well-ordered society?
What is implied by the concept of a well-ordered society?
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What does Aristotle argue about society's relationship to the human person?
What does Aristotle argue about society's relationship to the human person?
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What does moral responsibility refer to?
What does moral responsibility refer to?
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Which type of freedom indicates the ability to choose among genuine alternatives?
Which type of freedom indicates the ability to choose among genuine alternatives?
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What distinguishes human acts from acts of man?
What distinguishes human acts from acts of man?
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What can concupiscence be described as?
What can concupiscence be described as?
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What does violence refer to in the context provided?
What does violence refer to in the context provided?
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How are habits defined in the context provided?
How are habits defined in the context provided?
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Which statement best describes circumstantial freedom?
Which statement best describes circumstantial freedom?
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Which of the following is NOT a determinant of moral action?
Which of the following is NOT a determinant of moral action?
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Study Notes
Environmental Disorder
- Pollution and climate change are the biggest threats to current lifestyles
- Climate change has global implications: environmental, social, economic, political, and for the distribution of goods
- Climate change represents a major challenge for humanity
Loss of Biodiversity
- Loss of biodiversity negatively impacts various aspects of human well-being
- Examples include food security, vulnerability to natural disasters, energy security, access to clean water, and raw materials
- Biodiversity loss also affects human health, social relations, and freedom of choice
Principles of Sustainable Development
- Environmental Integrity: Maintaining the condition of the environment
- Economic Efficiency: Prudence in resource management to avoid waste
- Equity: Ensuring that resources are conserved for future generations
Sustainable Development Goals of United Nations
- There are 17 goals for 193 countries
- Goals are to be achieved by 2030
- United Nation initiative
Environmental Aesthetics
- Cognitive Views: Knowledge and information regarding the object is central to experiencing the aesthetics of the object, for example, evaluating artwork in the context of its actual characteristics.
- Non-Cognitive Views: Aesthetic appreciation is centred on emotive and/or expressive response to environment.
Environmental Ethics
- Studies the moral relationship between human beings and the environment
- Examines the intrinsic value (inherent worth) and moral status of non-human components of the environment.
- Intrinsic Value: an inherent worth that's independent of usefulness
- Instrumental Value: value as a means to an end
Environmental Virtue
- Prudence: the ability to exercise good judgment in assessing risks and dangers; a virtue rooted in reason and caution.
The Will, Human Acts, and Voluntariness
- Freedom: the absence of constraint, coercion, or necessity in choice or action
- Will: the faculty of the mind involved in motivating purposeful activity through deliberation to choose an action among alternatives
- Circumstantial Freedom: The freedom to act without external interference
- Metaphysical Freedom: The ability to choose among genuinely different alternatives
- Human Acts: deliberate actions that result from knowledge and choice (e.g., theft, cheating)
- Acts of Man: involuntary actions that occur without conscious intention (e.g., breathing)
- Consequences, intent, circumstances determine moral responsibility
- Modifiers of human acts: ignorance, fear, violence, habits, and concupiscence (passions)
Accepting Others is Not to Impose on Others
- Liberty of Thoughts and Feelings: absolute freedom of opinion and sentiment on all subjects
- Liberty of Tastes and Pursuits: framing personal lives to meet one's character free from societal pressure
- Other principles include paternalism, which focuses on acting for the benefit of another without their consent, and legal moralism, which suggests that laws can be used to prohibit behaviours that go against societal moral standards
- Collective Morality: the shared values and norms of a group that affect decisions regarding acceptable behavior
The Social Animal and Theories of Society
- Society: a group of people sharing common norms, values, and aspirations
- Hobbes's theory: humans are fundamentally selfish, and a social contract is necessary to maintain order
- Locke's theory: natural rights like life, liberty, and property are essential and the purpose of society is to protect these rights
- Rousseau's theory: “General Will” suggests that individuals in a society should give up certain freedoms to benefit a larger body of people
- Plato's theory: Ideal society should be ruled by educated philosophers
- Aristotle theory: society is an essential aspect of human nature
Social Influences and Filipino Society
- Genetics: physiological attributes affect personality and behavior
- Family: primary social institution shaping individuals
- Society and Culture: learned behaviors and interactions impacting societal participation
- Kapwa (Togetherness): importance of shared identity and care for others
- Amor Propio (Self-Esteem): respect for self and others
- Hospitality (Magandang Pagtanggap): generous treatment of guests
Practical and Religious Views of Death
- Philosophical views: Death is a significant transitional moment, a necessary part of life from nature and sin (Christianity), or from a state of movement between one world to another (Islam)
- Religious views: various religious perspectives on the meaning and nature of death and the afterlife (Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Judaism)
Filipino Views on Death
- Indigenous Views: Filipinos view death as the beginning of a new phase in life rather than an end and part of their interconnectedness with nature, ancestors, and clan.
- Spanish/Colonial Views: The introduction of Christianity led to the adoption of religious rituals surrounding death
- American Views: The introduction of Western concepts of death changed some cultural perspectives, as organ donation wasn't previously accepted.
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