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Questions and Answers

What is considered the biggest threat to our current way of life?

  • Overpopulation
  • Loss of biodiversity
  • Resource depletion
  • Pollution and climate change (correct)

Which of the following is a significant consequence of biodiversity loss?

  • Vulnerability to natural disasters (correct)
  • Increased technological advancements
  • Enhanced mental health
  • Improved global trade

What do cognitive views emphasize in environmental aesthetics?

  • Emotional reactions to environments
  • Subjective interpretation of nature
  • Narrative understanding of aesthetics (correct)
  • Sensory experiences alone

What is a central feature of non-cognitive views in environmental aesthetics?

<p>Emotive response to the environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of human well-being is NOT directly affected by biodiversity loss?

<p>Artistic creation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cognitive views, what is essential for appropriate aesthetic appreciation of works of art?

<p>Knowledge of their real natures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the loss of biodiversity contribute to in terms of societal challenges?

<p>Vulnerability to natural disasters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately represents a challenge posed by climate change?

<p>Global implications affecting various sectors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosophical discipline does the individual focus on?

<p>Philosophical anthropology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of the absence of freedom according to the content?

<p>Moral responsibility is non-existent. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of relationship is referred to by 'I and Thou'?

<p>A relationship characterized by genuine encounters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'I and It' relationship imply about how one views others?

<p>Others are viewed as objects to be utilized. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered an obstacle to dialogue?

<p>Seeming (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is 'Escapism' defined in the content?

<p>The use of substances for self-discovery. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of love as suggested by the content?

<p>Selflessness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does conformity with groups imply concerning loneliness?

<p>Acceptance without personal identity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the term intrinsic value in relation to living beings?

<p>It is assigned to all living things including plants. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of ecocentrism emphasize?

<p>Moral consideration for ecosystems as holistic entities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher is associated with Ecofeminism?

<p>Ynestra King (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the term 'vincible ignorance'?

<p>It is ignorance that can and should be dispelled. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does 'will' play in human acts?

<p>It allows individuals to act purposefully after rational deliberation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the holistic view of ecosystems?

<p>All living beings are seen as mere members of the ecosystem. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is considered a modifier of human acts?

<p>Ignorance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is implied by the term 'freedom' in the context of human acts?

<p>The ability to make choices free from any coercion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Utang na Loob' refer to in Filipino culture?

<p>Debt of gratitude (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic reflects the Filipinos' ability to adjust to changing situations?

<p>Flexibility, Adaptability, and Resiliency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following demographics is described as family-oriented in contrast to individualistic?

<p>Eastern culture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of Filipino personality is highlighted by the term 'Pakikipagkapwa-Tao'?

<p>Easygoing nature and friendliness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The concept of culture is described as what type of behavior in society?

<p>Cumulative learned behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics signifies the diligent work ethic of Filipinos?

<p>Hardwork and Industry (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Filipino value of 'Faith and Religiosity' signify?

<p>A strong attachment to spiritual practices (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What trait encompasses the role of family in Filipino society?

<p>Dynamic family institution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of paternalism entail?

<p>Acting for the good of another without their consent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to legal moralism, what is permissible for the state?

<p>To use coercive power to enforce collective morality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Hobbes' view on human nature?

<p>Humans are naturally inclined towards selfishness and disruption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four elements that make up a state according to the given content?

<p>Population, Territory, Government, Sovereignty (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of Machiavellianism?

<p>Utilizing fear and fraud to maintain control (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of the social contract according to Hobbes?

<p>People surrender autonomy for order and protection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is implied by the concept of a well-ordered society?

<p>Classes function in harmony without interference (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Aristotle argue about society's relationship to the human person?

<p>Society is the natural state of humanity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does moral responsibility refer to?

<p>Being deserving of praise or blame based on moral obligations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of freedom indicates the ability to choose among genuine alternatives?

<p>Metaphysical Freedom (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes human acts from acts of man?

<p>Acts of man are performed with full knowledge and will (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can concupiscence be described as?

<p>A strong inclination towards good or avoidance of evil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does violence refer to in the context provided?

<p>An external force applied to compel action against one’s will (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are habits defined in the context provided?

<p>Repetitive actions that decrease resistance to performance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes circumstantial freedom?

<p>It allows one to act freely without being interfered by obstacles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a determinant of moral action?

<p>Random choice without consideration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Environmental Aesthetics

The study of how we appreciate and experience the beauty and value of nature, landscapes, and environments.

Environmental Disorder

Problems that disrupt or harm the natural world, impacting its beauty, health, and functionality.

Pollution and Climate Change

The biggest threat to our way of life, causing significant environmental damage and disrupting natural systems.

Loss of Biodiversity

The decline in the variety of life on Earth, leading to consequences for ecosystem stability and our well-being.

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Cognitive Views in Environmental Aesthetics

The idea that understanding and knowledge about an environment are crucial for appreciating its aesthetic qualities.

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Non-Cognitive Views in Environmental Aesthetics

Focus on the emotional and subjective experience of appreciating nature, regardless of knowledge or understanding.

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What is a significant implication of climate change?

Climate change has wide-ranging implications for our planet's environment, social structures, economic systems, political stability, and even the equitable distribution of resources.

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What is one example of the negative effects of biodiversity loss?

Loss of biodiversity can threaten food security, making it harder to grow crops and access sustainable sources of food.

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Intrinsic Value

A value inherent to something, regardless of its usefulness to humans. It is assigned to living things because they are valuable in their own right.

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Ecocentrism

A philosophical viewpoint that considers entire ecosystems as morally considerable, emphasizing the importance of natural systems and their well-being.

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Ecosystem

A complex system of living organisms and their non-living environment, all interacting as a unit.

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Freedom

The ability to act without constraints, coercion, or external pressures. It is about having choices and being able to act on them.

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Will

The faculty of mind that allows us to consider different options, make deliberate choices, and initiate actions based on those choices.

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Ignorance

Lack of knowledge. It can be invincible (unavoidable) or vincible (avoidable with effort).

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Invincible Ignorance

A lack of knowledge that cannot be overcome with reasonable effort or diligence.

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Vincible Ignorance

A lack of knowledge that could be overcome with reasonable effort or diligence.

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Moral Responsibility

Being accountable for your actions, including praise, blame, reward, or punishment, based on your moral obligations.

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Fear

A feeling of anxiety or apprehension caused by the anticipation of danger.

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Circumstantial Freedom

The ability to act without physical or external obstacles preventing you.

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Metaphysical Freedom

The power to choose between genuinely different options.

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Concupiscence

Powerful desires or cravings, either for good things or to avoid bad ones.

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Violence

External force used to compel someone to act against their will.

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Habits

Repeated actions that become automatic, making it easier to perform them.

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Human Acts vs. Acts of Man

Human Acts are deliberate actions done with knowledge and free will. Acts of Man are unconscious or involuntary actions.

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Philosophical Anthropology

The study of the essence and nature of human beings, exploring questions about the human condition and the meaning of existence.

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I and Thou Relationship

A direct, genuine, and reciprocal encounter between two individuals, characterized by mutual respect, understanding, and shared presence.

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I and It Relationship

An interaction where one person treats another as an object to be used or experienced, lacking genuine connection and respect.

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Obstacles to Dialogue

Factors that hinder meaningful communication and understanding between individuals, preventing genuine connection.

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Seeming

Acting or appearing differently than one's true self, presenting a facade to others.

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Speechifying

Talking without truly listening, focusing more on delivering one's own message than understanding another's point of view.

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Imposition

Forcing your own ideas, beliefs, or desires onto another person, disregarding their autonomy and perspective.

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Freedom and Moral Responsibility

The concept that our ability to make free choices directly influences our ethical obligations, making us accountable for the consequences of our actions.

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Principle of Paternalism

Acting in the best interests of another person without their consent. This can be done informally, like a parent guiding a child, or formally, like a government enacting regulations for public safety.

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Plato's Philosopher Kings

Plato believed that society should be ruled by philosopher kings, individuals with wisdom and virtue, who prioritize the common good above their own interests.

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Aristotle's View of Society

Aristotle believed that society is the natural state of humanity, and humans are naturally social creatures. He argued that humans fulfill their potential within a community.

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Social Contract

A concept where individuals agree to surrender some individual freedoms in exchange for the benefits of living in a society, such as order and protection from harm.

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Machiavellianism

A political philosophy advocating for the use of deception, cunning, and manipulation to achieve power and maintain control. It's often associated with ruthless and amoral leadership.

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Legal Moralism

The belief that laws should be used to enforce society's collective moral judgments and prohibit behaviors deemed immoral by society.

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Thomas Hobbes' View of Humanity

Hobbes believed that humans are inherently selfish and driven by desires and a fear of death. He thought that a strong, absolute sovereign was needed to maintain order and prevent chaos.

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What are the four elements of a state according to Aristotle?

Aristotle believed a state consists of four fundamental elements: population, territory, government, and sovereignty.

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Genetics

Our genetic makeup influences our physical traits. These traits can affect our personality and behavior in society.

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Family

The family is a group of people living together, connected by meaningful bonds. It's a dynamic system that shapes our social development.

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Society and Culture

Culture is learned behavior passed down through generations that guides how a society interacts. Cultures can be individualistic (Western) or collectivist (Eastern).

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Pakikipagkapwa-Tao

This Filipino value describes the Filipino's friendly and easy-going nature, making it easy to get along with others.

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Utang na Loob

The obligation to repay kindness and favors received from others. It's a core Filipino value that emphasizes gratitude and reciprocity.

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Flexibility, Adaptability, and Resiliency

Filipinos have a strong ability to adjust to changing circumstances and environments. They are resilient in the face of challenges.

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Hardwork and Industry

Filipinos are known for their hard work ethic, particularly when given proper opportunities and incentives.

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Faith and Religiosity

The Filipino psyche is deeply spiritual and religious, often turning to prayer and faith in times of need.

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Study Notes

Environmental Disorder

  • Pollution and climate change are the biggest threats to current lifestyles
  • Climate change has global implications: environmental, social, economic, political, and for the distribution of goods
  • Climate change represents a major challenge for humanity

Loss of Biodiversity

  • Loss of biodiversity negatively impacts various aspects of human well-being
  • Examples include food security, vulnerability to natural disasters, energy security, access to clean water, and raw materials
  • Biodiversity loss also affects human health, social relations, and freedom of choice

Principles of Sustainable Development

  • Environmental Integrity: Maintaining the condition of the environment
  • Economic Efficiency: Prudence in resource management to avoid waste
  • Equity: Ensuring that resources are conserved for future generations

Sustainable Development Goals of United Nations

  • There are 17 goals for 193 countries
  • Goals are to be achieved by 2030
  • United Nation initiative

Environmental Aesthetics

  • Cognitive Views: Knowledge and information regarding the object is central to experiencing the aesthetics of the object, for example, evaluating artwork in the context of its actual characteristics.
  • Non-Cognitive Views: Aesthetic appreciation is centred on emotive and/or expressive response to environment.

Environmental Ethics

  • Studies the moral relationship between human beings and the environment
  • Examines the intrinsic value (inherent worth) and moral status of non-human components of the environment.
  • Intrinsic Value: an inherent worth that's independent of usefulness
  • Instrumental Value: value as a means to an end

Environmental Virtue

  • Prudence: the ability to exercise good judgment in assessing risks and dangers; a virtue rooted in reason and caution.

The Will, Human Acts, and Voluntariness

  • Freedom: the absence of constraint, coercion, or necessity in choice or action
  • Will: the faculty of the mind involved in motivating purposeful activity through deliberation to choose an action among alternatives
  • Circumstantial Freedom: The freedom to act without external interference
  • Metaphysical Freedom: The ability to choose among genuinely different alternatives
  • Human Acts: deliberate actions that result from knowledge and choice (e.g., theft, cheating)
  • Acts of Man: involuntary actions that occur without conscious intention (e.g., breathing)
  • Consequences, intent, circumstances determine moral responsibility
  • Modifiers of human acts: ignorance, fear, violence, habits, and concupiscence (passions)

Accepting Others is Not to Impose on Others

  • Liberty of Thoughts and Feelings: absolute freedom of opinion and sentiment on all subjects
  • Liberty of Tastes and Pursuits: framing personal lives to meet one's character free from societal pressure
  • Other principles include paternalism, which focuses on acting for the benefit of another without their consent, and legal moralism, which suggests that laws can be used to prohibit behaviours that go against societal moral standards
  • Collective Morality: the shared values and norms of a group that affect decisions regarding acceptable behavior

The Social Animal and Theories of Society

  • Society: a group of people sharing common norms, values, and aspirations
  • Hobbes's theory: humans are fundamentally selfish, and a social contract is necessary to maintain order
  • Locke's theory: natural rights like life, liberty, and property are essential and the purpose of society is to protect these rights
  • Rousseau's theory: “General Will” suggests that individuals in a society should give up certain freedoms to benefit a larger body of people
  • Plato's theory: Ideal society should be ruled by educated philosophers
  • Aristotle theory: society is an essential aspect of human nature

Social Influences and Filipino Society

  • Genetics: physiological attributes affect personality and behavior
  • Family: primary social institution shaping individuals
  • Society and Culture: learned behaviors and interactions impacting societal participation
  • Kapwa (Togetherness): importance of shared identity and care for others
  • Amor Propio (Self-Esteem): respect for self and others
  • Hospitality (Magandang Pagtanggap): generous treatment of guests

Practical and Religious Views of Death

  • Philosophical views: Death is a significant transitional moment, a necessary part of life from nature and sin (Christianity), or from a state of movement between one world to another (Islam)
  • Religious views: various religious perspectives on the meaning and nature of death and the afterlife (Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Judaism)

Filipino Views on Death

  • Indigenous Views: Filipinos view death as the beginning of a new phase in life rather than an end and part of their interconnectedness with nature, ancestors, and clan.
  • Spanish/Colonial Views: The introduction of Christianity led to the adoption of religious rituals surrounding death
  • American Views: The introduction of Western concepts of death changed some cultural perspectives, as organ donation wasn't previously accepted.

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