Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human PDF 2021-2022

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SAN JUAN DE DIOS EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION, INC. 2772-2774 Roxas Boulevard, Pasay City 1300 Philippines Hospital - Tel. Nos.: 8-831-9731/36; 8-831-5641/49 Website: www.sanjuandedios.org College - Tel. Nos.: 8-551-2756; 8-551-2763 Website: www.sjdefi.edu.ph Senior High School Department Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Semester: 1st S.Y. 2021-2022 MODULE ON Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person COURSE DESCRIPTION: An initiation to the activity and process of philosophical reflection as a search for a synoptic vision of life. Topics to be discussed include the human experiences of embodiment, being in the world with others and the environment, freedom, intersubjectivity, sociality, being unto death. GRADE AND SECTION: GRADE 11 CLASS SCHEDULE: PhilHealth Accredited PAASCU CLASS ONLINE ACCOUNT: Accredited  SAN JUAN DE DIOS EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION, INC. 2772-2774 Roxas Boulevard, Pasay City 1300 Philippines Hospital - Tel. Nos.: 8-831-9731/36; 8-831-5641/49 Website: www.sanjuandedios.org College - Tel. Nos.: 8-551-2756; 8-551-2763 Website: www.sjdefi.edu.ph Senior High School Department Learning Module No. Quarter Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Week No. Semester: 1st S.Y. 2021-2022 Date PART 1 MAIN TOPIC/ SUBTOPIC Branches of Philosophy o Metaphysics o Ethics, o Epistemology, o Logic, and, o Aesthetics. BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF THE TOPIC This topic talks about the five major branches of philosophy and their respective fields. MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY/ COMPETENCIES At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: - Recognize human activities that emanated from deliberate reflection PPT11/12-Ib-1.2 VALUE/BEHAVIORAL STANDARDS - Commitment to Vincentian Excellence, - Respect for Human Dignity and God’s creation INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS PowerPoint Presentation Module 2: Branches of Philosophy LEARNING RESOURCES Application: QuexBook/Philosophy of the Human Person for Senior High School LEARNING MODALITIES ➔ Modular Learning – Modules are provided to support immediate learning in the absence of a face-face classroom. ➔ Online Delivery/Remote Delivery – While using modules, synchronous or real-time communication platforms shall still be utilized in order to support student learning. Available applications (such as Google Classroom, Facebook page, and others) will be used for interactive classroom discussion, chat platform, and online submissions. PhilHealth Accredited PAASCU Accredited  SAN JUAN DE DIOS EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION, INC. 2772-2774 Roxas Boulevard, Pasay City 1300 Philippines Hospital - Tel. Nos.: 8-831-9731/36; 8-831-5641/49 Website: www.sanjuandedios.org College - Tel. Nos.: 8-551-2756; 8-551-2763 Website: www.sjdefi.edu.ph Senior High School Department Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Semester: 1st S.Y. 2021-2022 ➔ Asynchronous Delivery – Pre-taken teaching videos (or any available means) will also be done to help learners who might experience difficulties with real-time class interactions. PART 2 PRE-ASSESSMENT Write down your answer and prepare for the discussion 1. How do you organize your belongings at home? 2. Can you recall the labels? 3. What are your considerations when you put labels on each of them? 4. Is it according to importance? Or according to value or what? LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: recall the major branches of Philosophy; recognize one’s ethical principles; and summarizes the discussion using spiderweb graphic organizer DISCUSSION OF THE CONTENT OF THE LESSON/TOPIC A. Branches of Philosophy Philosophy has branches according to its subject matters. Philosophers try to discover things perceivable to the human mind. They articulate their discoveries, analyze and debate on them until they make sense of them. What are the branches of Philosophy?1 Metaphysics is only an extension of a fundamental and necessary drive in every human being to know what is real. The question is how to account for this unreal thing in terms of what you can accept as real. Thus, a very big part of the metaphysician's task is to explain that part of our experience, which we call unreal in terms of what we call real. In our everyday attempts to understand the world in terms of appearance and reality, we try to make things comprehensible by simplifying or reducing the mass of things we call appearance to a relatively fewer number of things we call reality. 1 Everything is taken from QuexBook/Philosophy of the Human Person PhilHealth Accredited PAASCU Accredited  SAN JUAN DE DIOS EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION, INC. 2772-2774 Roxas Boulevard, Pasay City 1300 Philippines Hospital - Tel. Nos.: 8-831-9731/36; 8-831-5641/49 Website: www.sanjuandedios.org College - Tel. Nos.: 8-551-2756; 8-551-2763 Website: www.sjdefi.edu.ph Senior High School Department Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Semester: 1st S.Y. 2021-2022 He claims that everything we experience is water – which we call “reality." Everything else is 'appearance.’ We then set out to try to explain everything else (appearance) in terms of water (reality). Both the idealist and the materialist metaphysical theories are similarly based on unobservable entities: mind and matter. We can see things made of matter such as a book or a chair, but we cannot see the underlying matter itself. Plato, Socrates' most famous student, is a good example of a metaphysician who draws the sharpest possible contrast between reality and appearance. Nothing we experience in the physical world with our five senses is real, according to Plato. The reality is just the opposite. It is unchanging, eternal, immaterial, and can be detected only by the intellect. This leads up to the famous simile of the cave or den. According to this, those who are destitute of Philosophy may be compared to prisoners in a cave who are only able to look in one direction because they are bound and who have the fire behind them and the wall in front. Between them and the wall, there is nothing; all that they see are shadows of themselves and of objects behind them cast on the wall by the light of the fire. Inevitably, they regard these shadows as real and have no notion of the objects to which they are due (Price 2000). At last, a man succeeds in escaping from the cave to the light of the sun; for the first time, he sees real things and becomes aware that he had hitherto been deceived by shadows. He is the sort of philosopher who is fit to become a guardian; he will feel it is his duty to those who were formerly his fellow prisoners to go down again into the cave, instruct them as to the sun of truth and show them the way up. However, he will have difficulty in persuading them, because coming out of the sunlight, he will see shadows more clearly than they do and will seem stupider than before his escape. Plato seeks to explain the difference between clear intellectual vision and confused vision of sense perception by an analogy from the sense PhilHealth Accredited PAASCU Accredited  SAN JUAN DE DIOS EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION, INC. 2772-2774 Roxas Boulevard, Pasay City 1300 Philippines Hospital - Tel. Nos.: 8-831-9731/36; 8-831-5641/49 Website: www.sanjuandedios.org College - Tel. Nos.: 8-551-2756; 8-551-2763 Website: www.sjdefi.edu.ph Senior High School Department Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Semester: 1st S.Y. 2021-2022 of sight. Sight, he says, differs from the other senses, since it requires not only the eye and the object but also light. B. Ethics Ethics is the branch of philosophy that explores the nature of moral virtue and evaluates human actions. Ethics is generally a study of the nature of moral judgments. Philosophical ethics attempts to provide an account of our fundamental ethical ideas. Whereas religion has often motivated individuals to obey the moral code of their society, philosophy is not content with traditional or habitual ethics but adopts a critical perspective. It insists that obedience to moral law be given a rational foundation. In the thought of Socrates, we see the beginning of a transition from a traditional, religion-based morality to philosophical ethics (Landsburg 2009). For Socrates, to be happy, a person has to live a virtuous life. Virtue is not something to be taught or acquired through education, but rather, it is merely an awakening of the seeds of good deeds that lay dormant in the mind and heart of a person. Knowing what is in the mind and heart of a human being is achieved through self-knowledge. Thus, knowledge does not mean only theoretical or speculative, but a practical one. Practical knowledge means that one does not only know the rules of right living, but one lives them. Hence, for Socrates, true knowledge means wisdom, which in turn, means virtue. The Greek word arete, which we translate as a virtue, seems original to have been associated with valor in battle and may be connected with the name of the Greek god of war, Ares, whom we know better under his Roman name, Mars. C. Epistemology Specifically, epistemology deals with the nature, sources, limitations, and validity of knowledge (Soccio 2007). Epistemological questions are basic to all other philosophical inquiries. Epistemology explains: 1. how we know what we claim to know; 2. how we can find out what we wish to know; and 3. how we can differentiate truth from falsehood. PhilHealth Accredited PAASCU Accredited  SAN JUAN DE DIOS EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION, INC. 2772-2774 Roxas Boulevard, Pasay City 1300 Philippines Hospital - Tel. Nos.: 8-831-9731/36; 8-831-5641/49 Website: www.sanjuandedios.org College - Tel. Nos.: 8-551-2756; 8-551-2763 Website: www.sjdefi.edu.ph Senior High School Department Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Semester: 1st S.Y. 2021-2022 Epistemology addresses varied problems: the reliability, extent, and kinds of knowledge; truth; language; and science and scientific knowledge. How do we acquire reliable knowledge? Human knowledge may be regarded as having two parts. 1. On the one hand, he sees, hears, and touches; on the other hand, he organizes in his mind what he learns through the senses. Philosophers have given considerable attention to questions about the sources of knowledge. Some philosophers think that the particular things seen, heard, and touched are more important. They believe that general idea are formed from the examination of particular facts. This method is called induction, and philosophers who feel that knowledge is acquired in this way are called empiricists (e.g., John Locke). Empiricism is the view that knowledge can be attained only through sense experience. 2. Other philosophers think it is more important to find a general law according to which particular facts can be understood or judged. This method is called deduction; its advocates are called rationalists (e.g., Rene Descartes). A newer school, pragmatism, has a third approach to these problems. Pragmatists, such as William James and John Dewey, believe that value in use is the real test of truth and meaning. In other words, the meaning and truth of an idea are tested by its practical consequences. The spirit of modern philosophy is an outburst of discovery. Rationalism (17th century) and empiricism (18th century) both relied on human discoveries such as that of the world, of thought and humanity in all sorts of conditions. Knowledge, however, was male-dominated. Mary Wollstonecraft envisioned an education for women. In her work, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), Wollstonecraft dictated that women were to be more than just wives and caretakers; they were to educate children and to act not as slaves to their husbands, but as companions (Rifkin 2009). As technology enters the larger conversation of humanity, students should understand that education is not just simply browsing the Internet but emphasizes the concept of progress, which asserts that human beings are capable of improving constantly changing environments. PhilHealth Accredited PAASCU Accredited  SAN JUAN DE DIOS EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION, INC. 2772-2774 Roxas Boulevard, Pasay City 1300 Philippines Hospital - Tel. Nos.: 8-831-9731/36; 8-831-5641/49 Website: www.sanjuandedios.org College - Tel. Nos.: 8-551-2756; 8-551-2763 Website: www.sjdefi.edu.ph Senior High School Department Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Semester: 1st S.Y. 2021-2022 D. Logic The reasoning is the concern of the logician. This could be reasoning in science and medicine, in ethics and law, in politics and commerce, in sports and games, and the mundane affairs of everyday living. Varied kinds of reasoning may be used, and all are of interest to the logician. The term “logic" comes from the Greek word Iogike and was coined by Zeno, the Stoic (c.340-26SBC). Etymologically, it means a treatise on matters pertaining to human thought. Logic does not provide us knowledge of the world directly, for logic is considered a tool, and, therefore, does not contribute directly to the content of our thoughts. Aristotle was the first philosopher to devise a logical method. He drew upon the emphasis on the ”universal" in Socrates, negation in Parmenides and Plato, and the reduction to the absurd of Zeno of Elea. His philosophy is also based on claims about propositional structure and the body of argumentative techniques (e.g., legal reasoning and geometrical proof). Zeno of Citium is one of the successors of Aristotle. He is also the founder of a movement known as Stoicism, derived from the Greek Stoa Poikile (Painted Porch). Even before the time of Aristotle down to the present, the study of logic has remained important. We are human beings possessed with reason. We use it when we make decisions or when we try to influence the decisions of others or when we are engaged in argumentation and debate. Indeed, a person who has studied logic is more likely to reason correctly than another, who has never thought about the general principles involved in reasoning. E. Aesthetics When humanity has learned to make something useful to them, they begin to plan and dream about how to make it beautiful. What therefore is beauty? The establishment of criteria of beauty is the function of aesthetics. Aesthetics is the science of the beautiful in its various manifestations – including the sublime, comic, tragic, pathetic, and ugly. To experience aesthetics, therefore, means whatever experience has relevance to art, whether the experience is that of the creative artist or appreciation. What is the importance of aesthetics? It vitalizes our knowledge. It makes our knowledge of the world alive and useful. We go through our days picking up a principle as fact, here and there, and too infrequently see how they are related. It is PhilHealth Accredited PAASCU Accredited  SAN JUAN DE DIOS EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION, INC. 2772-2774 Roxas Boulevard, Pasay City 1300 Philippines Hospital - Tel. Nos.: 8-831-9731/36; 8-831-5641/49 Website: www.sanjuandedios.org College - Tel. Nos.: 8-551-2756; 8-551-2763 Website: www.sjdefi.edu.ph Senior High School Department Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Semester: 1st S.Y. 2021-2022 the part of a play, a poem, or a story to give us new insight, to help us see new relationships between the separated items in our memories. It helps us to live more deeply and richly. A work of art-whether a book, a piece of music, painting, or a television show – helps us to rise from purely physical existence into the realm of intellect and the spirit. As a being of body and soul, a human being needs nourishment for his higher life as well as his lower. Art, therefore, is not something merely like craft or applied arts, but something of weight and significance to humankind. It brings us in touch with our culture. Things about us change so rapidly today that we forget how much we owe to the past. We cannot shut ourselves off from the past any more than we can shut ourselves off geographically from the rest of the world. It is difficult that the great problems of human life have occurred over and over again for thousands of years. The answers of great minds in the past to these problems are part of our culture. Hans-Georg Gadamer, a German philosopher, argues that our tastes and judgments regarding beauty, work in connection with one’s own personal experience and culture. Gadamer believes that our culture consists of the values and beliefs of our time and our society. That is why a ”dialog” or conversation is important in interpreting works of art (White 1991). LEARNING ACTIVITIES Think deeply and share your answers to these questions: 1. Can you now recall the five major branches of Philosophy? 2. Differentiate at least two branches against each other. EVALUATION /POST ASSESSMENT Philosopher’s corner: Group Report Read and accomplish the following activities: 1. Share and discuss with your group your answer for item A, 1.1 Write your answer in the following format written below. 1.2 Summarized your answer using spider web graphic organizer and submit it in our Google classroom 1.3 Present it to the class next meeting. A. Which of the 5 major branches of philosophy interests you the most? why? PhilHealth Accredited PAASCU Accredited  SAN JUAN DE DIOS EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION, INC. 2772-2774 Roxas Boulevard, Pasay City 1300 Philippines Hospital - Tel. Nos.: 8-831-9731/36; 8-831-5641/49 Website: www.sanjuandedios.org College - Tel. Nos.: 8-551-2756; 8-551-2763 Website: www.sjdefi.edu.ph Senior High School Department Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Semester: 1st S.Y. 2021-2022 2. Write down at least 5 (five) of your ethical principles that help you the most during this time of crisis. (significance 10 points) Important Note: Write your answers for activity 1 on a one-page short size only. Single space, font size 12, style Palatino Linotype, I inch all sides, justified. For activity no. 2, write your answer on clean bond paper, take a photo of your work and upload it in or Google classroom. Deadline of Submission: Monday, Week 3. Prepared by: DIOSDADO T. ALMINE, MRS,MATh Subject Teacher, Senior High School Faculty Updated by: ARMIE B. ALMINE, LPT Subject Teacher, Senior High School Faculty Checked by: JEANNE GRACE A. ABERION, RMT, MAT Academic/ADM Coordinator, SHS Department Approved by: DR. CAROLYNE L. HIZON, LPT Principal, SHS Department PhilHealth Accredited PAASCU Accredited