Pharmaceutics 1 Lecture 2 PDF

Pharmaceutics 1 Dr. Fatima Aloum Lecture 2 1 4 5 6 7 Pharmaceutical Dosage Form  Drugs are rarely delivered as pure chemical entities but are approximately usually provided as prepared formulations i.e. dosage form.  After converting them into an appropriate do...

Pharmaceutics 1 Dr. Fatima Aloum Lecture 2 1 4 5 6 7 Pharmaceutical Dosage Form  Drugs are rarely delivered as pure chemical entities but are approximately usually provided as prepared formulations i.e. dosage form.  After converting them into an appropriate dose formulation, they are delivered in several dosage forms.  To create an alternative dosage form, non-medicinal chemicals (also known as pharmaceutical ingredients or excipients) are added.  By adding pharmaceutical ingredients that solubilize or suspend or thicken or dilute or emulsify or stabilize or preserve them, drug dosage forms can be made more effective and appealing. 8 Drug (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients)  Chemical compounds intended for use in the diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and management of disease(s) in humans and other animals are referred to as "pharmaceutical products" or "pharmaceuticals". 9 (Inactive Pharmaceutical Ingredients) Excipients Do not increase or affect the therapeutic action of the active components. They are also known as inactive components or excipients and have no pharmacological action in general. Examples of inactive components are: Dyes Preservatives Sweetening agents Binding materials Colouring agents Flavouring agents 10 Liquid Dosage Form  Elixirs: Excipients and medicaments in a liquid formulation for oral administration.  Emulsions: Water-based suspension of oils and fats using an emulsifying agent. Emulsifying agent coats oil particles so they do not coalesce when the interfacial tension between oil and water decreases. As a result, an emulsion is created.  Suspensions: One or more active components dispersed in a suitable medium are used in biphasic liquid formulations for oral administration. When shaken, it disperses into a uniform suspension that is stable enough to deliver the precise dosage.  Gargles: Externally applied aqueous solutions that are concentrated for treating throat infections. 11  Gels: Dispersions of medicaments in water used as antacids.  Lotions: External liquid preparations are generally administered without friction.  Liniments: The application of external liquid preparations is generally done via friction.  Mixtures: One or more medications are included in liquid oral preparations. 12  Mouthwashes: In a similar manner to gargles, these mouthwashes are used for oral cleanliness and to treat oral infections.  Nasal drops: Dropper-instilled liquid solutions used to treat nose infections and blockages.  Solutions: Liquid medicine that can be used for internal or exterior applications.  Syrups: With or without sugar and medicaments, sweet, viscous, concentrated liquid medicines are made. 13 Solid Dosage Form  Powders: Solid dose formulations comprising micron-sized, finely fragmented particles.  Tablets: Medication in solid dose form, either with or without excipients.  Granules: Particles in a group.  Capsules: Gelatin capsules are used to encapsulate drugs.  Pills: Small tablet containing excipients  Lozenges: Sugar and gum-based solid formulations used to treat mouth and throat disorders.  Suppositories: Solid dosage form carrying medication that is put into bodily cavities other than the mouth, such as the rectum, nose, or ear 14 Semisolid Dosage Form  Ointments: Ointment-based semisolid dose forms for external application that include or do not contain medications.  Creams:  With or without medicaments, semisolid external dose forms with an appropriate fatty basis are available.  Paste: With an appropriate fat basis, semisolid external dosage forms include a significant proportion of finely powdered medicaments.  Gels: Contains hydrophilic or hydrophobic base and gelling agents. Transparent semisolid dose forms for external usage. 15 Gaseous  Aerosols: Dispersion of solid or liquid particles in gas for application to the respiratory tract, using an atomizer.  Inhalations: It consists of pharmaceutical liquid preparations for internal consumption, which are either dispersed or suspended in the propellant.  Sprays: Application of alcohol-containing medication aerosols to the nose or throat using an atomizer or nebulizer 16 Q: What are pharmaceutical dosage forms? Pharmaceutical dosage forms are the physical forms of medicines that are formulated for administration to patients for treatment. E.g. Tablets, capsules, syrups, suspensions, creams, ointments, inhalers, injections and patches are some commonly used dosage forms. Q: Why are different dosage forms used in pharmaceuticals? Different dosage forms are used to ease the administration of the drug. It includes the patient needs, product stability and efficiency of the drug. 17 Q: What are the advantages of topical dosage forms (creams, ointments, gels)? Topical dosage forms are applied on the skin and have advantages like target delivery, reduced side effects and easy application. 18 Q: What are the advantages of parenteral dosage forms (injections)? If the drug is not absorbed orally, it can be given parenterally. A drug that is unstable in GIT can be given parenterally. Avoids the first-pass metabolism. rapid onset of action Complete drug bioavailability (up to 100%) is possible. Prolonged drug action is possible. 19 Q: What are the advantages of liquid dosage forms (syrups, solutions, suspensions)? Liquid dosage forms are easy to swallow and have faster absorption. They are suitable for elderly people and children, those who can't take solid dosage forms. These are formulated with flavours that improve the taste of the medicine. The dose can be adjusted easily for different age groups. 20 Q: What are the advantages of solid dosage forms (tablets and capsules)? Solid oral dosage forms like tablets and capsules have several advantages including stability of the product, accurate dosing and easy administration. These can be formulated to release immediately, delayed or sustained release. Tablets may have multiple active ingredients to provide combination therapy that is not possible with other dosage forms. 21 Q: What factors are considered when selecting a suitable dosage form? Several factors are considered while selecting the dosage forms including the age and condition of the patient, route of administration, property of the drug substance and stability of the drug product. 22  Age  Body Weight  Metabolic Rate  Illness  Psychological Aspects ◦ Placebo effect  Tolerance/Dependence  Cumulative effect  Each drug has a DESIRED effect  Can also cause undesirable effects-known as side effects  Allergic reactions ◦ Hives ◦ Itching ◦ Eddema  Anaphylactic reaction ◦ Respiratory distress ◦ Cardiovascular collapse Drugs can “mix” or interact with other things ◦ Drugs ◦ Foods ◦ Juices  Right Drug  Right Time  Right Dose  Right Patient  Right Route  Right Documentation