Sterile Dosage Forms (Ophthalmic-Pulmonary) PDF

Classifications of pharmaceutical dosage form according to the physical form Solid: Powders, Granules, Capsules, Tablets Liquid: Solutions, Suspension, Elixir, Emulsion Molded Semisolids: Suppository Semisolid: Ointment, Cream, Gel, Paste Sterile Dosage Forms: Parentrals, Ophthalmics...

Classifications of pharmaceutical dosage form according to the physical form Solid: Powders, Granules, Capsules, Tablets Liquid: Solutions, Suspension, Elixir, Emulsion Molded Semisolids: Suppository Semisolid: Ointment, Cream, Gel, Paste Sterile Dosage Forms: Parentrals, Ophthalmics, Pulmonary Ophthalmic Preparations Classification of ocular drug delivery systems Topical Eye Drops 1. Semisolid Ophthalmic Products 2. (Gels, Creams or Ointments) Solid Ophthalmic Products 3. (Ocular inserts)  1. Eye Drops Suspension Solution for for insoluble soluble drugs o/w Emulsions drugs for insoluble drugs Disadvantages: Advantages: 1. Limited therapeutic response 1. Easy to instill 2. Systemic absorption 2. No physical interference with vision 3. Need frequent instillation 4. Low patient compliance  2. Semi-solid preparations Gels Ointments Creams (o/w) Advantages: Disadvantages: 1. Increased contact time 1. Interferes with vision (blurring) 2. Reduction of systemic side effects 2. Difficult to be installed 3. Reduction of the number of applications 4. Better patient's compliance 5. Prolonged drug release Solid Ophthalmic Products (Ocular inserts - Ocuserts): They are ophthalmic preparations placed into the eye to release the drugs for a long period of time by increasing their residence time in the eye Pulmonary Dosage Forms  Pulmonary Drug Delivery Systems The delivery of aerosolized medication with small molecules for the management of respiratory disorders, such as asthma and obstructive lung disease.  Advantages of inhaling aerosol over systemic drug delivery: Selective treatment of pulmonary conditions by direct deposition of medication to airway receptor sites, thus lower doses are used to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. Rapid onset of action of broncho-active medications for the reversal of acute episodes of bronchoconstriction. Reduced incidence of side effects due to lower systemic bioavailability of medications administered via inhalation.  1. Nebulizer Delivery 2. Metered-dose inhaler Devices 3. Dry-powder inhaler  1. Nebulizers A nebulizer makes an aerosol by blowing air or oxygen through a drug solution. The aerosol is delivered through a face mask or a mouthpiece.  2. Metered-dose inhalers It is a portable drug delivery system that uses a pressurized liquid propellant to deliver the medication. The drug is either dissolved or suspended in a liquid propellant mixture. N.B. A propellant is a chemical used in the production of pressurized gas that is subsequently used to create movement of a fluid.  3. Dry-powder Inhaler This is an aerosol device that delivers drug in a fine, micronized powder form. There is no propellant in the DPI. Instead, these devices direct a patient’s inhaled air through loose powder to create an aerosol.  Advantages and disadvantages of various aerosol devices Type Advantages Disadvantages Nebulizer Patient coordination not required Expensive High doses possible Not portable - pressurized gas source required Propellant not required More time required Contamination possible Not all medications available Metered-dose Convenient Patient coordination essential inhaler Less expensive than nebulizer Large pharyngeal deposition Portable Many use propellants Difficult to deliver high doses Not all medications available Dry powder Less patient coordination required Requires moderate to high inspiratory flow inhaler Breath-hold not required Some units are single dose Propellant not required Can result in high pharyngeal deposition Portable Difficult to deliver high doses Not all medications available