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Questions and Answers
Which of the following alkali metals is known as the 'inflammable air' and is also the lightest and most reactive element?
Which of the following alkali metals is known as the 'inflammable air' and is also the lightest and most reactive element?
A deficiency in which of the following elements may lead to muscle paralysis, also known as Barker’s Syndrome?
A deficiency in which of the following elements may lead to muscle paralysis, also known as Barker’s Syndrome?
Which alkaline earth metal is considered the most toxic, and whose inhalation can cause granulomas?
Which alkaline earth metal is considered the most toxic, and whose inhalation can cause granulomas?
What is the primary use of Strontium Chloride (SrCl2)?
What is the primary use of Strontium Chloride (SrCl2)?
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The 'Sugar of lead' is another name for which of the following compounds?
The 'Sugar of lead' is another name for which of the following compounds?
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Which of the following is the most abundant gas in air, making up approximately 71% of it’s composition?
Which of the following is the most abundant gas in air, making up approximately 71% of it’s composition?
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What is the main use of Barium Sulfate (BaSO4)?
What is the main use of Barium Sulfate (BaSO4)?
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Which of these elements is a component of borosilicate glass and gives a green-bordered flame when reacted with methanol?
Which of these elements is a component of borosilicate glass and gives a green-bordered flame when reacted with methanol?
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Which form of carbon is known as the hardest mineral and the purest native form?
Which form of carbon is known as the hardest mineral and the purest native form?
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What treatment is typically administered for carbon monoxide poisoning?
What treatment is typically administered for carbon monoxide poisoning?
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Which of these is a known antidote for mercury toxicity?
Which of these is a known antidote for mercury toxicity?
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A patient presents with symptoms of skin eruption, psychosis, and headaches, which is most likely the cause?
A patient presents with symptoms of skin eruption, psychosis, and headaches, which is most likely the cause?
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Which of the following elements is extracted using the Frasch process?
Which of the following elements is extracted using the Frasch process?
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What is the primary use for potassium tetraiodomercurate?
What is the primary use for potassium tetraiodomercurate?
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A patient with Wilson's disease would benefit from treatment with which of the following?
A patient with Wilson's disease would benefit from treatment with which of the following?
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Which of the following is the antidote for arsenic poisoning?
Which of the following is the antidote for arsenic poisoning?
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Which solution is known as 'bleach'?
Which solution is known as 'bleach'?
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What is the primary component of 'Pink bismuth'?
What is the primary component of 'Pink bismuth'?
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Which of these elements is described as the 'king of all metals'?
Which of these elements is described as the 'king of all metals'?
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Which of the following is the most powerful reducing agent?
Which of the following is the most powerful reducing agent?
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What is indicated if Nessler's reagent turns an orange color?
What is indicated if Nessler's reagent turns an orange color?
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Which element is a component of Vitamin B12?
Which element is a component of Vitamin B12?
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What is the clinical use of selenium sulfide?
What is the clinical use of selenium sulfide?
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Which element's deficiency leads to parakeratosis?
Which element's deficiency leads to parakeratosis?
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Which element when ingested can lead to a condition causing dark stools and blue-black gums?
Which element when ingested can lead to a condition causing dark stools and blue-black gums?
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Study Notes
Alkali Metals
- Hydrogen is an inflammable air, the lightest and most reactive element.
- Lithium (Lithos "earth") is the lightest metal.
- Lithium has depressant and diuretic properties.
- Lithium can cause hyponatremia.
- Lithium Bromide is a depressant.
- Lithium Carbonate is the DOC for mania.
- Sodium ("Natrium") is the primary extracellular cation.
- Sodium acetate is a diuretic, urinary and systemic acidifier, and antacid.
- Sodium bicarbonate is a systemic antacid, carbonating agent, and source of P or phosphate.
- Sodium bicarbonate can cause alkalosis, rebound hyperacidity, and edema.
- Sodium Phosphate is a cathartic and source of P or phosphate, and urinary acidifier.
- Sodium Chloride is a washing soda, sal soda, soda ash, monohydrate Na2CO3.
- Sodium Citrate is an electrolyte replenisher, tonicity adjuster, and...
- Sodium Fluoride, a component in toothpaste, is an anti-cariogenic (2% solution)
- Sodium Hydroxide (caustic soda) is an oxidizing agent, bleaching agent, and disinfectant.
- Sodium Phosphate is a reducing agent
Alkaline Earth Metals
- Beryllium (Glucinum) is the most toxic metal and can cause berylliosis, granulomas due to inhalation.
- Magnesium is the lightest structurally significant metal (found in chlorophyll).
- Magnesium is the 2nd most abundant intracellular cation.
- Magnesium is a natural calcium channel blocker.
- Magnesium is a component of the Grignard reagent.
- Magnesium carbonate is an antacid and laxative.
- Magnesium hydroxide is an antacid and laxative.
- Magnesium oxide is an antacid and laxative.
- Magnesium trisilicate is an antacid.
- Magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt) is a cathartic.
- Magnesium silicate, talc, French chalk, and asbestos have various uses.
- Calcium is a constituent of hydroxyapatite.
- Calcium is the 2nd most abundant extracellular cation.
- Calcium is important for blood clotting.
- Vitamin D is needed for maximum absorption of calcium.
- Calcium is used in coagulation, contraction, neurotransmitter release, and strong bones/teeth.
- Deficiency states include osteoporosis, rickets, and osteomalacia, and hypocalemia.
Boron Group/Icosagens
- Boron is a component of borosilicate glass.
- Borate + methanol = green-bordered flame
- Boric acid (H3BO3) is an ophthalmic antiseptic (2-4%).
- Sodium tetraborate is known as borax.
- Gallium nitrate is used to correct hypercalcemia.
- Aluminum, from bauxite or cryolite, is the 3rd most abundant element.
- Aluminum can cause Shaver's disease or Bauxite fibrosis.
- Various aluminum compounds have astringent, antiseptic, and antiperspirant properties.
Carbon Group
- Carbon forms crystalline forms like diamond, graphite, and amorphous forms like bituminous and anthracite coal.
- Carbon dioxide is a respiratory stimulant, a component of dry ice, and used for wart elimination.
- Carbon monoxide is a respiratory poison.
- Silicon is the 2nd most abundant element, used in semiconductors/electronics.
- Germanium is used in semiconductors and optic fibers.
- Tin (Stannum) is a major component of alloys (solder, pewter, babbit).
- Tin compounds are used in dentistry (stannous fluoride) and as germicides (stannous oxide).
- Lead, originally used in plumbing, is harmful.
- Lead acetate ("sugar of lead") is an astringent.
- Various lead compounds have astringent properties or use.
- Lead sulfate, and the mineral galena, are lead-containing materials.
Nitrogen Group
- Phosphorous is a light carrier, part of St. Elmo's fire, and is present in white and black forms, and red phosphorous.
- Phosphorous is present in phosphorous acid (H3PO4) and hypophosphorous acid (H3PO2).
- Arsenic (lewsite metal) is a toxic chemical warfare agent.
- Antimony (Stibium) is a poison similar to arsenic.
- Bismuth subsalicylate is an anti-inflammatory, bactericidal, and antacid used for H. pylori infections.
Oxygen Group
- Sulfur is called brimstone, shubari, and is copper-resistant.
- Sulfur is extracted underground through the Frasch process.
- Sulfur is antifungal and scabicide and can exist in different states(Sulfur dioxide, Sulfurous Anhydride, etc. ).
- Selenium is known as selenium or Selena, and exists as selenium sulfide used to treat seborrhea dermatitis.
- Polonium is found in pitchblende ore and is used in nuclear reactors.
Halogens
- Fluorine is the most electronegative atom, use in dental caries, osteoporosis, or Fluorosis, and stronger oxidizing agent.
- Chlorine is a greenish gas used for water disinfection (sodium hypochlorite/bleach).
- Bromine is a reddish-brown liquid, with toxic properties (brominism), and is a CNS depressant.
- Iodine is dark violet solid, found in thyroid hormones and can cause iodism. Antidotes are starch and sodium thiosulfate. Deficiency causes goiter.
Noble Gases
- Helium, the 2nd lightest element, is used in gas chromatography and lighting.
- Argon, the most abundant noble gas, is a nitrogen substitute for pharmaceutical inerts.
- Krypton and Xenon have some anesthetic properties.
- Radon is used for earthquake detection in inert gas.
Coinage Metals
- Copper (Cuprum) is a reddish metal, significant for conductivity, and associated with Wilson's disease.
- Copper sulfate (CuSO4 5 H₂O) is a blue stone and component of several mixtures.
- Silver (Argentum) has oligodynamic property, germicidal action, and associated with argyria.
- Gold (Aurum), the king of metals, has high malleability, electrical conductivity.
- Aqua regia (a mixture) dissolves gold.
Volatile Metals
- Zinc is present in insulin and carbonic anhydrase, is the 2nd most abundant trace element, and associated with parakeratosis and metal fume fever.
- Cadmium toxicity causes Itai-Itai disease, a condition involving painful bones and renal insufficiency; it can have multiple sulfide forms.
- Mercury (quicksilver) is a liquid metal used historically in medicine and other applications but has associated mercury toxicity.
- Various mercury compounds have various uses (e.g., cathartics, local antiseptics).
Group 6B
- Chromium is also known as the glucose tolerance factor.
- Molybdenum is lead-like and contains ammonium molybdate, a reagent for testing phosphates.
Group IVB
- Titanium has powerful reducing agents.
- Titanium is used for surgical implants.
- Titanium dioxide is an opacifying agent.
Group 7B
- Manganese can have Parkinson-like symptoms due to toxicity.
- Potassium permanganate is a powerful oxidizing agent used in qualitative testing of alkenes (Bayer's test).
- Technetium is the first artificially produced element.
- Various technetium compounds are used in imaging and other medicinal applications.
Group 8B
- Iron is present in the body and important for hemoglobin.
- Cobalt is involved in erythrocyte and hemoglobin development and is part of vitamin B12.
- Nickel's use is in copper, jewelry, and fossil fuel applications.
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Description
Explore the fascinating properties and uses of alkali metals, focusing on elements like lithium and sodium. Understand their roles in health, chemical reactions, and everyday applications, including the impact of lithium on mental health and various sodium compounds in medicinal uses.
