PHARM QUIZ 2 What Should I Know? PDF

Outcome 2 (about 10 questions) 1. What is pharmacokinetics? a. How drugs move through the body 2. What are the four basic principles of pharmacokinetics? a. Absorption, metabolism, distribution, and excretion 3. What is absorption and how does it occur? a. D...

Outcome 2 (about 10 questions) 1. What is pharmacokinetics? a. How drugs move through the body 2. What are the four basic principles of pharmacokinetics? a. Absorption, metabolism, distribution, and excretion 3. What is absorption and how does it occur? a. Drug enters blood through route of administration 4. What is distribution and what factors influence it? a. How the drug spreads, affected by blood flow to tissue, drug solubility 5. What is metabolism and how does it affect a drug's effects? a. Biochemical alteration of a drug, can activate or deactivate drugs 6. What is elimination? a. Removing drugs from body 7. How does metabolism affect a drug's effects and toxicity? a. Convert drugs to active or inactive, making have a therapeutic or toxic effect 8. What are the different routes of drug elimination? a. Renal, hepatic, biliary, pulmonary 9. What factors can influence the rate of drug elimination? a. Age, liver and kidney function, and drug interactions 10. Why is understanding pharmacokinetics important in drug development and clinical practice? a. Helps predict drug behavior, optimizing dosing regimens, minimize adverse effects 11. Inflammation a. Body's response to injury or infection 12. Fever a. Elevation of body temperature, party of inflammatory response 13. Antipyretic a. Reduces fever 14. Anti-inflammatory a. Reduces inflammation and its symptoms 15. 5 signs of inflammation a. Redness, warmth, swelling, pain, and loss of function 16. 4 types of cell mediators of inflammation a. Histamines, prostaglandins,bradykinin and leukotrienes 17. Acute vs chronic inflammation a. Acute is short term and chronic is long term and can cause tissue damage 18. Chemotaxis a. Movement of immunocompetent cells to cite of injury or infection 19. Histamine a. Released during allergic reactions and inflammation that causes vasodilation 20. Homeostatic vs Inflammatory effects a. Homeostasis maintain normal physiological function, inflammatory response protects against injury and injection but can damage tissue if too much  21. Catabolic effects of steroids a. Leads to muscle wasting, fat redistribution, osteoporosis 22. Define NSAID, opioid, non-opioid, and narcotic agents. a. NSAID reduces inflammation and pain, opioids act on mu and kappa receptors to reduce severe pain, nonopioid analgesics don't act on opioid receptors and have different effects, and narcotics are like opioids and are drugs that induce sleep or relieve pain 23. Name non pharmacological ways nurses help treat inflammation. a. Ice packs, elevation, compression, and physical therapy 24. COX-1 what is it and if blocked, how may it harm a patient? Which organs specifically? a. Produces prostaglandins for stomach, can lead to gastric ulcers and kidney problems 25. COX-2 what is it and if blocked, how may it harm a patient? Which organs specifically? a. Associated with inflammation, may reduce pain but greatly increase cardiovascular issues 26. Name 2 drugs that are COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors? a. Ibuprofen and aspirin 27. Name 2 drugs that are COX-2 selective inhibitors? a. Celebrex and Viox Normal Findings (10 questions) 1. What is adequate oxygenation? a. Exchange of O2 and CO2 2. What is adequate fluid/volume? a. Balance of fluid intake and output, good hydration 3. What is adequate perfusion? a. Good blood flow to give oxygen and nutrients to body 4. What is the normal temperature range? a. 97.7 to 99.5 degrees fahrenheit (36.5 to 37.5 degrees celsius) 5. What is PERRLA and what does it assess? a. Means Pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation b. Assess neurological function and optic nerve 6. What is the minimum oxygen saturation level needed? a. Greater than 90% 7. What is respiratory rate and what is considered normal? a. Breaths per minute, 10 - 20 is normal 8. What is the depth of breathing and why is it important? a. Amount of air exchanged in each breath 9. What is the rhythm of breathing and what is considered normal? a. Regularity and pattern of breath 10. What is symmetry in breathing and why is it important?  a. Evenness and quality of chest expansion, if not normal indicates respiratory or lung issues b. Normal breathing has bilateral chest expansion equal entry of air 11. What is effort in breathing and what is considered normal? a. Ease or difficulty of breathing b. Should be effortless 12. What are the normal ranges for heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure? a. Heart rate is 60 - 100 BPM b. SBP is 90 - 130 mmHg c. DBP is 60 - 80 mmHg 13. What is the normal urine output? a. 30 mL an hour 14. What is the function of the vagus nerve? a. It connects every vital organ in the brain 15. How does the vagus nerve regulate oxygenation? a. Alters blood vessel diameter, more oxygen to organs through blood 16. How does the vagus nerve contribute to perfusion? a. Regulating vascular resistance (vessel diameter)