PH Finals Review 3 PDF

Chapter 3: Study Notes: Measuring health: “Complete physical, mental, and social well-being”-WHO Definitions Health Disparities(race, gender, geographic differences)--Always talk about race, class, gender as risk factors. Turmock 2016-measuring health population Metrics: Life expectancy (U.S. 2017:...

Chapter 3: Study Notes: Measuring health: “Complete physical, mental, and social well-being”-WHO Definitions Health Disparities(race, gender, geographic differences)--Always talk about race, class, gender as risk factors. Turmock 2016-measuring health population Metrics: Life expectancy (U.S. 2017: 78.6 years). Morbidity rates (e.g., arthritis prevalence: 21%). Health disparities (race, gender, geographic differences). Know the leading causes of death chart well!!! Leading causes of death: Heart disease, Cancer, COVID-19. Chronic disease dominates but emerging threats like covid-19 can reshape priorities. National Vital Statistics Reports. Morbidity - sickness Mortality - death Communicable disease ○ Spread from person to person, etc. ○ Infectious disease Chronic disease ○ Non communicable disease Injury  Infectious Diseases Defining Characteristic: ○ A pathogen is always the agent ○ A single exposure is often sufficient to cause illness ○ Symptoms usually develop shortly after exposure– (but not always - e.g. HIV; develop over years) Infectious disease are major public health concerns: ○ TB ○ Polio before vaccine ○ Malaria-parasitic disease ○ HIV/AIDs-gay men ○ SARs ○ Smallpox-no longer occur naturally ○ Influenza-new strains every year; must be vaccinated every year ○ Measles ○ HIV ○ Rabie ○ Lyme disease- KNOW THIS WELL!!! Epidemiological Triad: Epidemiological Triad for Infectious Disease: Disease results from an interaction between the host, agent, and environment Agent = pathogen ○ Pathogen --> organism that causes disease (Viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi, prions ) Host = susceptible human ○ Host factors Immunization status (vaccinated?) General health, immune system strength Age-Very young and very old are most susceptible Hand washing, IV drug use, condom use.. Environment = physical and social  ○ Environmental Factors: Water- is it contaminated? Food - is it contaminated? Air - is it contaminated? Sanitation - is waste separated for people, water, and food? Vector breeding sites ○ Social Factors: Crowded living conditions present Access to health care Vector = carrier Key issues: What infectious agent is the cause? What is the means of transmission? Is it contagious when people are asymptomatic (HIV: yes; Ebola: No) Is a vaccination available? What other prevention measures work? Is a treatment or cure available? Drug resistance Chronic Disease (Non-Communicable) Defining Characteristics: ○ Multiple causes or risk factors Often no single cause ○ Exceptions: certain genetic disease like Huntington's Disease have a single cause ○ Usually develops over a long time period: Cumulative exposure Epidemiological Triad for Chronic Diseases: ○ Host - susceptible human ○ Agent - different for each disease (disease causing thing) e.g. carcinogens for cancer ▪ e.g. cholesterol ▪ e.g. sodium ○ Vector Cigarettes Tanning beds Junk foods General definition: an object that carries the agent to the host (vehicle) ○ Environment - physical and social Workplace (where you work) Exposure to harmful things: Smoking, excessive sun exposure Social support for healthy lifestyle ○ Key issues ○ What is the agent? ○ How much exposure is too much? ○ What other risk factors are important? ○ How do you know when you are developing the disease? ○ Can the disease be managed with lifestyle changes? Medications? Injuries:  Primary Prevention --> Activities that are intended to prevent the onset of a disease or injury. Secondary Prevention --> Activities intended to minimize the risk of progression of or complications from a disease or to minimize damage from an injury. Tertiary Prevention --> Activities intended to minimize disability caused by a disease or injury ○ Rehabilitation's one tertiary prevention activity. Significance: ○ 2 of the top 10 main killers in the country are injury-related ○ Causes of death ranked by age group --> for most age groups unintentional injury was the leading cause of death (everyone between the age 1 to 44 --> leading cause of death for young people is unintentional injury) ○ How should we measure loss of life? If an older person dies and a young person dies, are the two losses the same? ○ Years of potential life lost (YPLL) Based on age at death and life expectancy Life expectancy can be calculated empirically or set arbitrarily Gives more weight to causes of death that affect younger age groups Example: Assume life expectancy = 75 years Cause A - 100 deaths ○ Average age at death = 35 ○ Average YPLL = 40 ○ Total YPLL = 4000 (multiply by number of deaths) Cause B - 200 deaths ○ Average age at death = 65 ○ Average YPLL = 10 ○ Total YPLL = 2000 A leading cause of death and YPLL ○ Unintentional injury 4th leading cause of death in 2013 ○ #1 cause of death for younger people (age 1-44) in the US ○ an result in long-term disability, decreased quality of life ○ Can result in high healthcare costs Causes Fatalities ○ Motor vehicle traffic - have come down ○ Firearm - have come down ○ Drug poisoning - has gone up #1 cause of injury-related deaths ○ For younger children - drowning Non-fatal ○ Unintentional falls Definitions Two major categories of injury  ○ Traumatic injury Occurs immediately upon transfer of energy to the body (injury happens suddenly) Sometimes called acute traumatic injury Can be minor or life-threatening ○ Overuse injury (musculoskeletal disorders) Occurs over time, after repeated exposure Tend to be non-fatal Acute traumatic injury --> any unintentional or intentional damage to the body resulting from acute exposure to thermal, mechanical, electrical, or chemical energy or from the absence of such essentials as heat or oxygen Nature of injury --> specific physiological outcome in terms of damage to the body e.g., fracture, laceration, contusion, suffocation, burn, electrocution Mechanism of injury --> an incident in which energy is released suddenly, with the potential to cause injury Aka external cause or event e.g., motor vehicle crashes ○ Fall from ladder ○ House fire ○ Boat capsizing ○ Football tackle ○ Assault Injury is not the same as an accident "Accident" implies random, uncontrollable, inevitable Injuries are predictable and preventable Epidemiology triad --> disease/injury results from an interaction between the host, agent, and environment ○ Host --> susceptible human ○ Environment --> physical, social ○ Agent --> the energy ○ Vectors --> an object that carries the agent to the host (vehicle) e.g., baseball bat if it’s being swung at you Motor vehicle you're riding in that’s going really fast and then suddenly stops e.g., motor vehicles, firearms, machinery (power saw, lawnmower), appliances, etc ○ Host factors  Age --> all ages, but different age groups tend to experience different types of injury Physical condition, comorbidities Medical use, alcohol use Occupation or leisure activities Risky behaviors (texting while driving) Safety behaviors (wearing a seatbelt) ○ Environmental factors Presence of potentially harmful sources of energy e.g., machinery, heights, motor vehicles Presence of safety products and features e.g., airbags, smoke alarms, handrails ○ Social support for safety behavior ○ Social pressure for risky behavior Key issues Injuries are not accidents Traumatic injury or overuse injury? What is the energy source/vector? Can the energy be reduced or blocked? Approach unintentional and intentional injuries the same way or different ways? Are emergency services and trauma centers nearby? Time is critical!