Podcast
Questions and Answers
What definition of health is provided by WHO?
What definition of health is provided by WHO?
Which chronic disease has the highest prevalence in the U.S. as of 2017?
Which chronic disease has the highest prevalence in the U.S. as of 2017?
What is the primary factor in the Epidemiological Triad that must interact with the host and environment to cause disease?
What is the primary factor in the Epidemiological Triad that must interact with the host and environment to cause disease?
Which of the following is considered a non-communicable disease?
Which of the following is considered a non-communicable disease?
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Which group is NOT considered a major public health concern related to infectious diseases?
Which group is NOT considered a major public health concern related to infectious diseases?
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What is a key characteristic of infectious diseases?
What is a key characteristic of infectious diseases?
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Which environmental factor does NOT contribute to the spread of infectious diseases?
Which environmental factor does NOT contribute to the spread of infectious diseases?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes morbidity and mortality?
Which of the following statements accurately describes morbidity and mortality?
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Which disease is contagious even when individuals are asymptomatic?
Which disease is contagious even when individuals are asymptomatic?
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What is the primary focus of primary prevention activities?
What is the primary focus of primary prevention activities?
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Which agent is specifically associated with cancer as a chronic disease?
Which agent is specifically associated with cancer as a chronic disease?
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Which term describes an object that carries the agent to the host in the context of chronic diseases?
Which term describes an object that carries the agent to the host in the context of chronic diseases?
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What is a significant factor in the development of chronic diseases?
What is a significant factor in the development of chronic diseases?
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Which of the following is a tertiary prevention activity?
Which of the following is a tertiary prevention activity?
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In assessing loss of life, which aspect is considered important?
In assessing loss of life, which aspect is considered important?
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Which of the following is NOT a key issue to consider in chronic diseases?
Which of the following is NOT a key issue to consider in chronic diseases?
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What does Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL) primarily measure?
What does Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL) primarily measure?
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Which of the following examples represents a traumatic injury?
Which of the following examples represents a traumatic injury?
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What best defines the term 'mechanism of injury'?
What best defines the term 'mechanism of injury'?
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Which age group is most affected by unintentional injury as a leading cause of death?
Which age group is most affected by unintentional injury as a leading cause of death?
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How is life expectancy used in calculating YPLL?
How is life expectancy used in calculating YPLL?
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What misconception is addressed regarding the term 'accident'?
What misconception is addressed regarding the term 'accident'?
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Which type of injury occurs following repeated exposure over time?
Which type of injury occurs following repeated exposure over time?
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Which of the following factors is NOT a part of the epidemiology triad?
Which of the following factors is NOT a part of the epidemiology triad?
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Which cause of unintentional injury has seen an increase over recent years?
Which cause of unintentional injury has seen an increase over recent years?
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What is the primary purpose of safety features like airbags and smoke alarms?
What is the primary purpose of safety features like airbags and smoke alarms?
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Study Notes
Measuring Health
- WHO defines health as "complete physical, mental, and social well-being"
- Health disparities exist based on race, gender, and geography
- Key risk factors include race, class, and gender
Leading Causes of Death
- Heart disease is the leading cause of death, with 696,962 deaths
- Cancer is the second leading cause of death, with 602,350 deaths.
- COVID-19 is third leading cause of death from 350,831 deaths
- Unintentional injury, stroke, chronic lower respiratory disease, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, influenza and pneumonia, and kidney disease are also significant causes of death.
- Heart disease, cancer and COVID-19 are the most significant causes
Life Expectancy and Morbidity
- U.S. life expectancy in 2017 was 78.6 years.
- Morbidity rates such as arthritis prevalence are also important factors.
Infectious Diseases
- Pathogens are the agents of infectious diseases.
- Symptoms often develop shortly after exposure, but not always (e.g. HIV)
- Major public health concerns include polio, malaria, HIV/AIDS, SARS, smallpox, influenza, measles, rabies, and Lyme disease.
Epidemiological Triad for Infectious Disease
- Interaction of host, agent, and environment causes disease
- Agent: Pathogen (viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi, prions)
- Host: The susceptible human (immunization status, health, etc.)
- Environment: Physical and social factors (handwashing, IV drug use, condom use, etc.)
Epidemiological Triad for Chronic Diseases
- Multiple causes of chronic diseases, often no single cause (exceptions: genetic diseases)
- Cumulative exposure over time; chronic diseases develop over a lengthy period
- Host: Vulnerable human
- Agent: Various factors for specific diseases (e.g., carcinogens for cancer, cholesterol)
- Environment: Physical and social
Environmental Factors
- Contaminated water, food, and air are risk factors
- Sanitation is crucial and issues such as waste separation are important
- Vector breeding sites increase risk
- Social factors like access to healthcare affect health disparity
Chronic Disease
- Defining Characteristic:Multiple causes or risk factors, frequently no single cause
- Usually develops over a significant period with cumulative exposure
- Examples: Genetic diseases, like Huntington's Disease, have a single cause
Injury
- Primary prevention aims to prevent the onset of injury or disease
- Secondary prevention aims to minimize progression or complications
- Tertiary prevention aims to reduce the disability from disease or injury
- Key causes of injury include unintentional injuries, firearm injuries, drug poisoning
- YPLL(Years of Potential Life Lost): measures the loss of life potential due to premature deaths. This is often used for injury prevention
Traumatic Injury
- Energy transfer to the body is the cause
- Can be minor or life-threatening
- Can include overuse injuries (e.g., musculoskeletal disorders) from repeated exposure
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