Measuring Health; Morbidity; Mortality
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Questions and Answers

What definition of health is provided by WHO?

  • Absence of disease
  • Ability to perform daily tasks
  • Complete physical, mental, and social well-being (correct)
  • Fitness and nutrition levels

Which chronic disease has the highest prevalence in the U.S. as of 2017?

  • Heart disease
  • Diabetes
  • Arthritis (correct)
  • Cancer

What is the primary factor in the Epidemiological Triad that must interact with the host and environment to cause disease?

  • Host
  • Vector
  • Agent (correct)
  • Contamination

Which of the following is considered a non-communicable disease?

<p>Arthritis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is NOT considered a major public health concern related to infectious diseases?

<p>Cancer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of infectious diseases?

<p>A single exposure can cause illness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which environmental factor does NOT contribute to the spread of infectious diseases?

<p>Availability of vaccines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes morbidity and mortality?

<p>Morbidity refers to sickness, while mortality refers to death (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is contagious even when individuals are asymptomatic?

<p>HIV (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of primary prevention activities?

<p>Preventing the onset of disease or injury (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which agent is specifically associated with cancer as a chronic disease?

<p>Carcinogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes an object that carries the agent to the host in the context of chronic diseases?

<p>Vector (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor in the development of chronic diseases?

<p>Cumulative exposure over time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a tertiary prevention activity?

<p>Rehabilitation programs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In assessing loss of life, which aspect is considered important?

<p>The age of the deceased (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key issue to consider in chronic diseases?

<p>When did the disease first appear? (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL) primarily measure?

<p>The impact of causes of death on younger age groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples represents a traumatic injury?

<p>A fractured arm from a fall off a bicycle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best defines the term 'mechanism of injury'?

<p>An event where energy is suddenly released causing injury (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is most affected by unintentional injury as a leading cause of death?

<p>Individuals aged 1-44 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is life expectancy used in calculating YPLL?

<p>To subtract the average age at death from a set limit (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What misconception is addressed regarding the term 'accident'?

<p>Accidents can be predicted and prevented (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of injury occurs following repeated exposure over time?

<p>Overuse injury (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT a part of the epidemiology triad?

<p>Financial factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cause of unintentional injury has seen an increase over recent years?

<p>Drug poisoning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of safety features like airbags and smoke alarms?

<p>To protect against potential sources of energy leading to injury (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

WHO definition of health

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Health disparities

Differences in health outcomes between different groups of people. These disparities can be based on race, ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic status, geographic location, and other factors.

Life expectancy

The average number of years a person is expected to live in a specific location.

Morbidity rate

The rate of illness or disease in a population.

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Leading causes of death in the U.S.

The leading causes of death in the U.S. are heart disease, cancer, and COVID-19. These are often chronic diseases, but emerging threats like pandemics can change priorities.

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Communicable disease

A disease that can be spread from person to person, animal to person, or through contaminated environments.

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Chronic disease

A disease that is not contagious, but develops over time, and is often due to lifestyle factors.

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Epidemiological Triad

A model that explains how infectious diseases spread through the interaction of the host, agent, and environment.

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Means of Transmission

The way a disease is spread from one person to another, like through the air, contact, or contaminated objects.

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Contagious (Asymptomatic)

A disease that can be passed from person to person even when the infected individual doesn't have symptoms.

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Disease Prevention

Actions taken to prevent the development or spread of a disease.

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Secondary Prevention

Measures to reduce the risk of complications or worsening of a disease already present.

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Tertiary Prevention

Actions to minimize the impact of a disease or injury that has already occurred.

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Susceptible Host

A person who is likely to be affected by a disease.

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Agent (Chronic Disease)

The cause of a disease, such as a bacteria, virus, or harmful substance.

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Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL)

A measure of premature death based on age at death and life expectancy, giving more weight to deaths affecting younger people.

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Traumatic Injury

Injury that occurs immediately upon exposure to harmful energy, like a car crash.

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Overuse Injury

Injury that develops gradually over time due to repeated exposure, like repetitive strain from typing.

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Nature of Injury

The specific outcome of injury, like a fracture or burn.

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Mechanism of Injury

The external event that leads to injury, like a car crash or a fall.

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Host (in Injury Epidemiology)

The susceptible human individual who is at risk of injury.

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Environment (in Injury Epidemiology)

The physical, social, or environmental factors that influence injury risk.

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Agent (in Injury Epidemiology)

The source of energy causing injury, like a moving car or a sharp object.

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Vectors (in Injury Epidemiology)

Objects that carry the agent to the host, like a vehicle in a car crash.

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Injuries are not Accidents

Injury is predictable and preventable, not simply random misfortune.

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Study Notes

Measuring Health

  • WHO defines health as "complete physical, mental, and social well-being"
  • Health disparities exist based on race, gender, and geography
  • Key risk factors include race, class, and gender

Leading Causes of Death

  • Heart disease is the leading cause of death, with 696,962 deaths
  • Cancer is the second leading cause of death, with 602,350 deaths.
  • COVID-19 is third leading cause of death from 350,831 deaths
  • Unintentional injury, stroke, chronic lower respiratory disease, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, influenza and pneumonia, and kidney disease are also significant causes of death.
  • Heart disease, cancer and COVID-19 are the most significant causes

Life Expectancy and Morbidity

  • U.S. life expectancy in 2017 was 78.6 years.
  • Morbidity rates such as arthritis prevalence are also important factors.

Infectious Diseases

  • Pathogens are the agents of infectious diseases.
  • Symptoms often develop shortly after exposure, but not always (e.g. HIV)
  • Major public health concerns include polio, malaria, HIV/AIDS, SARS, smallpox, influenza, measles, rabies, and Lyme disease.

Epidemiological Triad for Infectious Disease

  • Interaction of host, agent, and environment causes disease
  • Agent: Pathogen (viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi, prions)
  • Host: The susceptible human (immunization status, health, etc.)
  • Environment: Physical and social factors (handwashing, IV drug use, condom use, etc.)

Epidemiological Triad for Chronic Diseases

  • Multiple causes of chronic diseases, often no single cause (exceptions: genetic diseases)
  • Cumulative exposure over time; chronic diseases develop over a lengthy period
  • Host: Vulnerable human
  • Agent: Various factors for specific diseases (e.g., carcinogens for cancer, cholesterol)
  • Environment: Physical and social

Environmental Factors

  • Contaminated water, food, and air are risk factors
  • Sanitation is crucial and issues such as waste separation are important
  • Vector breeding sites increase risk
  • Social factors like access to healthcare affect health disparity

Chronic Disease

  • Defining Characteristic:Multiple causes or risk factors, frequently no single cause
  • Usually develops over a significant period with cumulative exposure
  • Examples: Genetic diseases, like Huntington's Disease, have a single cause

Injury

  • Primary prevention aims to prevent the onset of injury or disease
  • Secondary prevention aims to minimize progression or complications
  • Tertiary prevention aims to reduce the disability from disease or injury
  • Key causes of injury include unintentional injuries, firearm injuries, drug poisoning
  • YPLL(Years of Potential Life Lost): measures the loss of life potential due to premature deaths. This is often used for injury prevention

Traumatic Injury

  • Energy transfer to the body is the cause
  • Can be minor or life-threatening
  • Can include overuse injuries (e.g., musculoskeletal disorders) from repeated exposure

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