Persian Wars PDF

Persian Preparation Greek Preparation Infrastructure with a massive Should know that the Persians are army and fleet (archers and coming - sending spies (which the cavalry) Persians capture to intimidate them) Trained at Sardis...

Persian Preparation Greek Preparation Infrastructure with a massive Should know that the Persians are army and fleet (archers and coming - sending spies (which the cavalry) Persians capture to intimidate them) Trained at Sardis City states divided as well as the forces and calls a congress at Isthmus where all feuds were brough to an end Asked for them to medize Athens build a large fleet due to its influx of silver (the revenue is spread across the population, but this time Themistocles argued) Set up supply depots All political exiles recalled Cut the Athos Canal Sparta is chosen as leader of the military, due to majority (Peloponnesian league) and its military reputation Sparta is chosen as the Hegemon (leads the discussion) king of Thesicles warn them and they retreat and then later go to Thermopylae Bridge the Strymon river and the Had only 23 states turn up so they Hellespont went around and send envoys to all Greek speaking cities. Confiscate all the cities that medize (be on the right side of history). Xeres and a conference of Increase of propaganda commanders to figure out loss Battle Forces & summary of Role of Consequences / event/s individuals significance Thermopylae Terrain; narrow gateway in Leonidas - A goal of the Spartans were the mountains benefits the Spartan to stop other Greek city's Greek due to the limiting military leader from medizing the number who held the Leonidas was turned into a line, with The following land forces symbol of the Spartan disparity and under the king Leonidas: 4 military might also the fact recklessness, 000 Peloponnesians that an oracle had stated at Thermopylae (consisting of 300 that it needed a death of a with his fellow Spartiates, 2 120 king to protect Greece. Spartans (400) Arcadians, 400 Corinthians, Persians did defile the all the way to 200 from Phleious, 80 from body, making the Spartans his eventual Mycenae and probably 900 enraged. Spartans don't honourable helots) joined by 1 000 fight that much due to death, buying Phoncians, 1 000 Locrians, moon, but now larger time for the 700 Thespians, 400 forces at Platea) Greek ships. Thebans with a grand total He had for seen This sacrifice would later of 7 100 soldiers. the allow the Greek forces to They hold the Persians for 3 significance engage in battle and win, by days until the goat pass is that his delaying Persian advance, revealed. Leonidas decides sacrifice would due to the fact they were to stay with the Spartans make, he also not outran and dominated and Thespians. They hold knew that by the Spartan cavalry as for another 24/48 hours. others would well as extra time for be hesitant to preparation and/or join him. evacuation of Athens. Although they did lose Leads to all males on ships eventually it was a moral with all women, children victory for the Greeks with and elderly at Salamis, also the number of Persians removed their livestock. sacrificed to the soldiers Leads to Boeotia medizing. compared to the Spartans Victory for Persia, but not really - propaganda. Artemisium The fleet was composed of Themistocles The storm led the forces to 271 triremes (1 = 180 and Eurybiades believe they were 'blessed oarsmen) and 9 -Themistocles by the gods' penteconters later used the silver If Thermopylae was to fall it reinforced by 53 triremes from mines to would grant Persians to create a good The speedier Persian ships control the narrows of the enough fleet to (no = 600) that captured the strait cutting off the Greeks defeat the look out triremes showed a naval retreat Persians, and superior strategy but a due to If the naval force were to storm took out the thinner, Eurybiades fail the Persian ships could speedier Persian ships strategic cut off the land forces on given the Athenians an manuvering the either end, decimating advantage, as well as the were able to the Greek forces. fact that they could be used survive to ram the other Persian ships meaning that Eurybiades used the advantage that the Persians could not sail during the night for short and explosive engagements with the Persian fleet, limiting the amount of losses for the Greek forces. Persians don't want to engage, they go to Athens to get revenge for the burnt down Sardis :D) After T and A A number of meetings N/A Hellenic League = happened, in which the democratic debate of whether to stay at This led to decision to fight Salamis (where the fleet at Salamis, which would was) or retire to the Isthmus lead to the first official (where the army were retreat of the Persians. The building a defensive wall), debate was heated and Themistocles persuaded highlighted Themistocles Eurybiades to present the ambition and idea of sea-battle against military/political strategy,  the Persians threatening his belief in the Greeks that that the Athenians would they would win a naval leave the fight, this led to battle was a turning point in Eurybiades to decide to the prevention of the stay at Salamis. slaughter of the Greek forces. Another storm had hit, wiping out a large amount It was a big embarrassment of the Persian fleet with two for Xeres. options presented; divide and conquer or engage at once. Themistocles had sent a letter with a spy to say they were retreating, Xeres fearful of the fact that he might not get revenge or restore his honour as well as the fear that might not happen before having to retire in winter, giving up his control of central Greece possibly facing more prepared forces down the road. Therefore, the Persian engaged in battle, unawares of the prepared Greeks. Salamis Persians were coming = Themistocles - This would be eventual meaning some of the prophecy, thing to make the Persian's Peloponnesian Generals choosing flee and regroup later. It left for the Isthmus Salamis, the also showed Themistocles letter, firm belief within the Greek They meet at dawn near pretending to forces wasn't misplaced. Salamis, with great bravery medize, it was a decisive victory for The moral boost of this Aristides and the Greeks. Although Xeres fight was significant for the Eurybiades- pretended to fight he was Greeks, it also set another great strategy, really worried that this precedent for the represented defeat would mean the surprising dominance the the Spartans revolt of Macedon, Thrace  and Asiatic Greeks so he within the Greeks had achieved over fled to Sardis to keep an eye battle the Persian in naval battles. on Ionia. The It highlighted Themistocles Peloponnesian naval cunning with the letter and commanders considered pushing from the storm following them and that ('gods'), as well as his revealed a split between he ability to manipulate a joint assembly. prophecy. Athenians were the saviors (Hero.) After They abandoned Athens N/A This shows that the military Salamis following the prophecy to dominance that was hid behind 'wooden walls' attributed to the (some believing to hole up Peloponnese was others to go on ships - becoming more and more Themistocles mostly) flaky. The split assembly found during and before The Greeks decided to Salamis showed how defeat Mardonius by land Eurybiades recognized this but the Spartans wanted to fact - that there were many continue the small passage who wanted to protect their strategy and where hesitant own city states rather then and cautious about the concept of 'Greece', a engaging in battle. relatively new thing. Attica was invaded or the It also showed how second time, there are Themistocles was a key many explanations; the player and the reliance that speed of the Persian the Spartans now had on advance, the need to wait Athens due to the naval for harvest, danger in the battles and other battles Peloponnese from Argos directly linked to them. The and other medizing states. threat of Athens medizing However the real reason was greater then the threat (according to Herodotus) of the Persians themselves lies in Thucydides astute at this point for if Athens comment that decision of was to medize, of which the Spartans to advance they knew themselves they wouldn't due to the loss of  into Boeotia was due to the their city to arson and Athenian insistence. various wants for revenge against the Persians, but They asked Athenians to the Spartans didn't know medize through the that and if Athens were to Macedonian king, medize it would be the end Alexander; offered very of all of them as the city favourable terms including states knew it. This threat a lot of territory, Attica and was amplified by the fact forgiveness. They had that the Persian were able deliberately delayed their to invade Athens for a refusal of the offer in order second time mostly due to to pressure Sparta into a the Spartans own inaction. campaign in Boeotia. The news of the Salamis They voted Athens as being might reach the Ionians the most contributors Plataea As soon as the Persians Pausanius - This was the final and most entered Boeotia great military decisive battle for both the ambassadors were sent to leader, Persians and the Greeks. It Sparta, who said they were representative showed a beginning of the holding a religious festivalof the Spartan Athenians dominance over but they were compelled by forces, knew the rest of the city states - the threat of Athens that he could evident by their ability to medizing and want for pressure the pressure Sparta into battle. success. (35 000 Spartans). Persian forces This meant that Pausanias before the was in charge, this would Persians poisoned the Persian forces later mean they won, water supply. could pressure possibly due to that final The Greeks mobilized and the Roman - manoeuvre (that failed) and this pushed Mardonius to used to his his patience when engaging devastate Attica for a advantage. His the Persian. He was also a second time and withdraw failed night lot more viscous then other to Boeotia, Attica was manoeuvre engagements with the unsuitable for his cavalry however Persians, slaughtering and would be easy to be cut stopped the those who tried to escape off from his supplies. stalemate through the base camp. (success or It also showed the With Thebes he deployed failure?). BUT importance of the forces on the north side his choice to environment in the battle close to Plataea and awaited the arrival of the make the and how both parties had Greeks. Persian commit recognized this fact, with and held back the push and pull. It also They were under command showed great showed how dependent of Pausanias who was the patience and the Persians were on Spartan regent. Both military sense, numbers (meaning the armies tried to force each it was this that ability to be cut off from other to fight on their own probably led their supply depots being a preferred terrain by them to win the huge threat and provoking them ; the Greeks battle killing a consideration - leading w anted to fight on the large amount of them to stay put) and on south side protected by the Persian forces, their cavalry (needed open rough countryside where making most of plains). Their favoured way the Persians wanted open them of battle , aka medizing, plain. escape/retreat. was also a downfall as it Pausanius's final move to caused the Persians to the less protected Asopus engage due to fear of revolt ridge and a complex night in Ionia where it was less manoeuvre gone wrong favourable for their large combined with the Persian numbers, especially when fear of revolt in Ionia pitted against the Greeks induced the Persian attack. hoplite technology. This lead to the significant Pausanias held back until death of Mardonius which they were fully committed would push the Persians to and they won a stunning flee (as seen above with the victory with the Greek camps/slaughter). This hoplites ending in would later set the stage for Mardonius being killed and the downfall of the the Persians fleeing across Persian's military might. (A the Asopus, those who took small country that was refuge at their camp were divided won against Persia? slaughtered and the rest - hit on reputation) (under Artabzus) escaped most glorious of victories of northwards and found all which we know was won safety in Asia. by Pausanias, (Hero.) A total of 108 000 = forces are equal Prestige - the general opinion that you are better In the people's mind they have a higher standing. There are two types; in their peers, and in the masses. Power - exercising of something Authority - that the people to consent to that “the most glorious victories of all which we know was won by Pausanius” -Herodotus “Athenians where the saviours of the Hellenes is to hist the truth.” – Herodotus “Three key elements, namely the largest number of ships, the most ableist commander, and the most unhesitating patriotism.” – Thucydides “Peloponnesian’s yielded.” – Herodotus