Introduction to Hematology PDF

INTRODUCTION TO Platelets (PLTs): Thrombocytes involved in clotting HEMATOLOGY HE...

INTRODUCTION TO Platelets (PLTs): Thrombocytes involved in clotting HEMATOLOGY HEMATOLOGY Blood Volume The study of blood cells, including their staining, counting, and analysis The average human body contains 5 liters of blood Importance: Blood Functions: Essential for predicting, detecting, and diagnosing blood and systemic Oxygen Transport: Blood carries diseases. oxygen from the lungs to tissues. Complete Blood Count (CBC): A Carbon Dioxide Clearance: It removes crucial test ordered for almost everyone carbon dioxide from tissues. visiting a physician or admitted to a Nutrient Transport: Glucose, proteins, hospital. and fats are transported by blood Waste Removal: Blood moves wastes to INTRODUCTION TO RED BLOOD the liver and kidneys. CELLS (RBCs) Coagulation Enzymes: Plasma provides enzymes to protect vessels and RBCs Description maintain circulation Anucleate, biconcave, discoid cells. Filled with hemoglobin (HGB) which Blood Components transports oxygen and carbon dioxide. Size: 6-8 mm in diameter. Appearance: Pink to red with a central zone of pallor. HEMOGLOBIN AND HEMATOCRIT MEASUREMENTS Hemoglobin (HGB): Measured using Drabkin reagent, converted to cyanmethemoglobin. Plasma: Absorbance measured at 540 nm. Liquid portion of blood that transport and Hematocrit (HCT): nourishes blood cells Ratio of packed RBC volume to whole Blood Cells: blood volume. Also called packed cell volume (PCV) Red Blood Cells (RBCs): Erythrocytes responsible for oxygen transport White Blood Cells (WBCs): Leukocytes that defend against infection. PECHUANCO_3C  RBC INDICES AND THEIR Dark purple granules containing histamines. IMPORTANCE Involved in allergic responses and rare hematologic diseases. RBC Indices IV. Lymphocytes (LYMPHS) Mean Cell Volume (MCV): Reflects RBC Function: diameter. Mean Cell Hemoglobin (MCH): Mass of Responsible for humoral and cell- hemoglobin. mediated immunity. Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration Round cells with featureless nuclei and (MCHC): Staining intensity. a thin rim of cytoplasm. RBC Distribution Width (RDW): Conditions: Variability in RBC volume. Lymphocytosis: Often associated with Importance: Helps in diagnosing anemia and viral infections. other blood disorders. Lymphopenia: Associated with drug INTRODUCTION TO WHITE therapy or immunodeficiency BLOOD CELLS (WBCs) V. Monocytes (MONOS) WBCs, or leukocytes, are crucial for Function: protecting the body from infection and Immature macrophages that phagocytose foreign injury. particles. WBCs originate in the bone marrow or Assist in immune responses. lymphoid tissue and are transported via blood. Morphology: They are nearly colorless in an unstained Larger diameter, blue-gray cytoplasm, cell suspension. indented nucleus. TYPES OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS Conditions: (WBCS) Monocytosis: Found in infections, collagen-vascular diseases, and I. Neutrophils (NEUTs): leukemias. Phagocytic cells with multilobed nuclei. Involved in bacterial infection PLATELETS (Thrombocytes) AND response. Bands (Band Neutrophils): THEIR ROLE IN HEMOSTASIS Less mature neutrophils, indicating Function: bacterial infection. II. Eosinophils (EOS): Maintain blood vessel integrity by Bright orange-red granules. initiating vessel wall repairs and forming Response to allergies and parasitic aggregates to plug damaged vessels. infections. III. Basophils (BASOS): PECHUANCO_3C  Handwashing: the most important practice to prevent the spread of Role in Hemostasis: infectious diseases. Platelets control hemostasis, which is Wash with soap in between patients, in crucial for sealing wounds, repairing between procedures, & when gloves are vessel walls, and maintaining vascular removed. patency. Gloves must be worn during blood collection procedures. Characteristics: Contaminated sharps & infectious Size: 2 to 4 µm in diameter. wastes → designated puncture → Shape: Round or oval, anucleate. resistant containers. Appearance: Slightly granular. Containers must have the BIOHAZARD Visual: Image of platelet in blood smear SIGN Clinical Significance: FIRE EXTINGUISHER Thrombocytosis: Elevated platelet count, indicating inflammation or trauma; CLASSIFICATIONS AND USE essential thrombocythemia is a rare Class/Type of Type of Fire malignant condition with extremely high Extinguisher platelet counts. Thrombocytopenia: Low platelet count, A Ordinary combustibles often due to drug treatment, resulting in such as wood, cloth or easy bruising and uncontrolled paper. hemorrhage. It may indicate serious health issues. B Flammable liquids, BLOOD COLLECTION/PATIENT & gases, or grease SPECIMEN HANDLING C Energized (plugged in) Safety: electrical fires. Ex; fires involving equipment, Follow standard precautions (SP) computers, fuse, Treat specimens as potentially boxes, or circuit infectious breakers. Can be a potential source of pathogens: Hepatitis C, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis D, Multipurpose for Type D syphilis, malaria, and human A, B, C fires immunodefiency virus (HIV). Accidental puncture (needlestick) may happen at any time. Indirect transmission: touches a ROLE OF PHLEBOTOMY IN INFECTION contaminated surface or object & CONTROL touches the mouth. Observance of infection control and isolation policies. PECHUANCO_3C  Once policies are violated → Diet Fasting; either 8 to REPORTED 12 hours Phlebotomist → maintain good Recent food intake: increased personal health & hygiene glucose & lipids Follow STANDARD PRECAUTIONS at (lipemia) all times Smoking Increased white blood cell count PHYSIOLOGIC FACTORS Decreased AFFECTING TEST RESULTS Pulmonary Function → increased Physiologic variables under the control of hemoglobin the patient or the phlebotomist (causes preanalytical variation) VARIABLES FACTS VENIPUNCTURE Posture Supine (lying) to sitting → Shift of EQUIPMENT body water from intravascular to A. TOURNIQUET interstitial space. Provides barrier vs venous blood flow to Increase in large molecules: help locate a vein. protein, Types: cholesterol, iron Velcro strap Diurnal rhythm Body fluid Blood pressure cuff fluctuations Applied 3 to 4 inches above the venipuncture Higher in the site morning: cortisol, TSH & iron Left on: