Lesson 1 - Overview of Hematology PDF

Lesson 1 - Overview of Hematology HISTORY whole blood and mixing it with 0.85% Athanasius Kircher (normal) saline - diluent described worms in the blood as...

Lesson 1 - Overview of Hematology HISTORY whole blood and mixing it with 0.85% Athanasius Kircher (normal) saline - diluent described worms in the blood as Thoma pipette bacteria (cocci/bacilli) ○ glass pipette hemacytometer Anton van Leeuwenhoek ○ where the diluted blood was gave an account of RBCs transferred ○ glass counting chamber Giulio Bizzozero described platelets as petite plaques HEMOGLOBIN, HEMATOCRIT, AND RBCs INDICES James Homer Wright Principle developed Wright stain decreased in hemoglobin = decreased in RBCs function Joseph and Wallace Coulter discovered electronic counter/coulter Hemoglobin principle (CBC - electrical impedance, spectrophotometry was the principle greater blockage = larger cell, higher before resistance = higher no. of cells) measurement relies on potassium cyanide and potassium ferricyanide RED BLOOD CELLS ○ Drabkin reagent Red Blood Cells ○ Cyanide - known to be toxic deliver oxygen to di erent parts of the ○ replaced with sodium lauryl body sulfate anucleate, biconcave, discoid cells appear salmon pink Hematocrit 7 to 8 um in diameter with zone of pallor uses capillary tube, centrifuged, RBCs contains hemoglobin settle at the bottom, special rule that measures packed RBCs with percentage Zone of pallor ratio of volume of packed RBCs to the unstained/void center volume of whole blood uses three numerical results to compute Hemoglobin the RBC indices main protein present in RBCs ○ RBC count, HGB, and HCT Anemia RBC indices decreased RBC and hemoglobin mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell concentration hemoglobin (MCH), mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) Polycythemia increased RBC count Mean cell volume reflects RBC diameter (how large or FOR RBC COUNT small) expressed in femtoliters (fL)  Lesson 1 - Overview of Hematology microcytic anemia = decreased MCV used as stains for reticulocytes macrocytic anemia (large RBCs) = AKA methylene blue dyes increased MCV WHITE BLOOD CELLS Mean cell hemoglobin concentration White Blood Cells expressed in grams per deciliter (g/dL) for immune response reflects RBC staining intensity and neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, amount of central pallor monocytes, basophils hemoglobin to RBC (if amount of loosely related category of cell types hemoglobin is concentrated or diluted dedicated to protecting their host from to RBC) infection and injury more preferred as an indicator for dilution is 1:20 anemia diluent is acetic acid Mean cell hemoglobin Leukopenia expressed in picograms (pg) decreased WBC count mass of hemoglobin per cell and parallels MCHC Leukocytosis less hemoglobin = presence of anemia increased WBC count RBC distribution width GRANULOCYTES degree of variation in RBC volume (if Granulocytes same RBC size or numerous, high in contains granules that has cytotoxic RDW means di erent sizes of RBC is e ects present) Neutrophils Anisocytosis bacterial infection Extreme RBC volume variability engulf and destroy microorganisms and foreign material RETICULOCYTES segmented due to their multilobed Reticulocytes nuclei AKA polychromatophilic erythrocytes immature RBCS, last stage before RBC Neutrophilia can be present in bloodstream but only increased in neutrophils in few amounts indicator for anemia Neutropenia decreased in neutrophils Hematopoiesis maturation and di erentiation of RBC Bands (band neutrophils) slightly less mature neutrophils with Bone marrow nonsegmented U or S shape RBC production site Left shift Nucleic acid stains or vital stains increase in bands  Lesson 1 - Overview of Hematology proportion of WBC are less mature due hemostasis to increase in bands ○ balance ○ clot formation and clot Eosinophils dissolution allergic or parasitic infections AKA thrombocytes bi-lobed nucleus true blood cells that maintain blood round, bright orange-red cytoplasmic vessel integrity by initiating vessel wall granules filled with proteins repairs Eosinophilia Thrombosis elevated eosinophil counts Clot formation Basophils Thrombocytopenia for allergic and rarely parasitic decreased in platelets dark purple, irregular cytoplasmic granules Thrombocythemia contains histamines increased in platelets rare Complete Blood Count Lymphocytes includes RBC, WBC, platelet for viral infection measurements T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes di erential count recognize foreign antigens and mount humoral (antibodies) and cell-mediated Blood Film Examination antagonistic responses AKA peripheral blood smear RBC and WBC T Lymphocytes prepares wedge-prep blood film on a destroy infected foreign cells glass microscope using Wright or Wright-Giemsa stain B Lymphocytes produce antibodies Coagulation measures hemostasis Monocytes passing through the blood from its point of origin - bone marrow to a targeted tissue location if still in circulation - monocytes agranulocytic and phagocytic Macrophage resides in tissues PLATELETS Platelets