Homework Hematology PDF

↑ Homework Hematology 1. What is the process of formation and development of blood cells? ➔ The process of formation and development of blood cells is hematopoiesis. 2. What is hematopoiesis? ➔ Hematopoiesis is the formation of blood cellular comp...

↑ Homework Hematology 1. What is the process of formation and development of blood cells? ➔ The process of formation and development of blood cells is hematopoiesis. 2. What is hematopoiesis? ➔ Hematopoiesis is the formation of blood cellular components occurs during embryonic development and throughout adulthood to produce and replenish lurnn) the blood system. 3. Where does hematopoiesis primarily occur in adults? ➔ Hematopoiesis primarily occur in bone marrow. 4. Which of the following blood cells is NOT produced during hematopoiesis? ➔ Blood cells is NOT produced during hematopoiesis is yellow marrow. 5. In embryonic development, where does hematopoiesis first occur? ➔ In embryonic development, hematopoiesis first occur in yolk sac, spleen, liver. 6. Which organ becomes the primary site of hematopoiesis during the fetal stage? ➔ Liver 7. What is the primary stimulus for increased leukopoiesis? ➔ The primary stimulus for increased leukopoiesis is infection or inflammation. 8. What is erythropoiesis? ➔ Erythropoiesis is the process which produces red blood cells, which is the development from erythropoietic stem cell for mature red blood cells. 9. Where does erythropoiesis primarily occur in adults? ➔ Bone marrow 10. Which of the following is the correct sequence of stages in erythropoiesis? ➔ The correct sequence of stage in erythropoiesis: - Pronormoblast 6 - Basophilic normoblast - Polychromatophilic normoblast - Orthochromatic normoblast - Reticulocyte - Erythrocyte. 11. Which hormone regulates erythropoiesis? ➔ Hormone erythropoietin (EPO) 12. Which molecule in erythrocytes is responsible for oxygen transport? ➔ Hemoglobin. 13. What is the primary function of erythropoietin (EPO)? W ➔ The primary function of erythropoietin (EPO) is to stimulate production of red blood cells (RBCs). 14. Erythropoietin is mainly produced by which organ in adults? ➔ Kidney. 15. Erythropoietin acts on which of the following precursor cells in the bone marrow? - ➔ on erythroid progenitor cells. 16. Which growth factor stimulates red blood cell production at the CFU-E stage? ➔ Erythropoietin(EPO). 17. What is the lifespan of red blood cells? ➔ 100- 120 days. 18. What is the average lifespan of an erythrocyte in the human body? ➔ Approximately 100-120 days. 19. What is the shape of a mature erythrocyte? bi ?con a ➔ Biconcave disc shape. 20. During erythropoiesis, at which stage does hemoglobin production inns predominantly occur? ➔ Polychromatic erythroblast stage. 21. What happens during the reticulocyte stage of erythropoiesis? ➔ During the reticulocyte stage of erythropoiesis: - Nucleus is extruded 1) released of the nucleus ). - Completion of hemoglobin synthesis Y - Presence of organelles - Maturation. Imature 22. Which of the following is the main function of erythrocytes? ➔ The main functions of erythrocytes are transport of oxygen, transport carbon dioxide and regulation of blood temperature. 23. Which type of hemoglobin is found the most in adults? ➔ Hemoglobin A (Hb A). 24. Normal adult Hb A contains which polypeptide chains? ➔ Hb A contains two α chains and two β chains of polypeptide chains. of Hemoglobin A contains 2x chains & 2p chains polypeptide chains.  ?? 25. During which step in heme biosynthesis does iron insert into the heme structure? ➔ Protoporphyrin IX. (a) 26. Where is heme synthesized in the body? ➔ Heme is synthesized in the body in mitochondria and cytosol. 27. Where do heme and globin chains combine to form hemoglobin? ➔ Heme and globin chains combine to form hemoglobin in the cytoplasm of developing erythroblasts within the bone marrow. 28. What is the form of iron in heme biosynthesis? ➔ Ferrous iron(Fe2+). 29. What is the major metabolically available storage form of iron in the body ➔ Iron is stored in the body as ferritin in the liver, spleen, muscle tissue and bone marrow. 30. What role does transferrin play in erythropoiesis? ➔ Role of transferrin is to deliver iron into the blood stream through transferrin receptors 1 called TfR1. 31. What part of the hemoglobin molecule binds oxygen? ➔ Heme group. 32. Which molecule is critical for oxygen transport in red blood cells? ➔ Hemoglobin. 33. How many oxygen molecules can one hemoglobin molecule carry? ➔ 4 oxygen molecules. I meaning that I hemoglobin molecule carry 4 O molecule) 34. What is thrombopoiesis? ➔ Thrombopoiesis is the process of platelet production. 35. Where does thrombopoiesis primarily occur in the human body? ➔ Bone marrow. 36. Which precursor cell in the bone marrow gives rise to platelets? ➔ Megakaryocytes 37. What is the lifespan of a normal platelet in circulation? ➔ 7-10 days. 38. Which growth factor triggers megakaryocyte maturation during thrombopoiesis? ➔ Thrombopoietin(TPO). 39. Which growth factor enhances the differentiation of megakaryocytes during thrombopoiesis?  ➔ Thrombopoietin (TPO) 40. What is the primary site of thrombopoiesis in the human body? ➔ Bone marrow 41. Thrombopoietin is primarily produced by which organs? ➔ liver. 42. Which growth factor besides thrombopoietin plays a supportive role in thrombopoiesis? ➔ Interleukin-3 (IL-3) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF). 43. What is the primary function of the demarcation membranes in megakaryocytes? ➔ The primary function of the demarcation membranes in megakaryocytes is to create separate cytoplasmic compartments for the production of platelets. 44. What is the approximate lifespan of a megakaryocyte before it releases platelets? ➔ 7-10 days. 45. What is the role of platelets in the body? ➔ Play a critical role in blood clotting (hemostasis) 46. What is the main function of leukocytes? ➔ The main function of leukocytes separate 2 events: - The innate immune response(phagocytosis) - The adaptive immune response. 47. Which of the following is the most abundant type of leukocyte in the blood? ➔ Neutrophil 48. Which leukocyte is agranular? ➔ lymphocytes and monocytes 49. Which type of leukocyte is involved in allergic reactions and releases histamine? ➔ Basophils 50. What is the primary function of lymphocytes? ➔ Adaptive immune response. 51. Which leukocyte transforms into macrophages in tissues? ➔ Monocyte. 52. Which type of leukocyte directly attacks infected or cancerous cells? ➔ Cytotoxic T cells (a type of T lymphocyte). 53. Which leukocyte plays a central role in the adaptive immune response?  ➔ B cells and T cells. 54. Which of the following is not a type of lymphocyte? ➔ Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are not types of lymphocytes. - 55. Which type of white blood cell is the first to respond to infection? ➔ Neutrophil. 56. Which of the following is true about lymphoid leukopoiesis? ➔ Lymphoid leukopoiesis is the process of producing lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells) from stem cells. 57. What is the major role of eosinophils? ➔ The major role of eosinophils is host defense against parasites and capable of phagocytizing bacteria (although less effectively than neutrophils). * 58. What protein in eosinophils is highly toxic to larval parasites? ➔ Major basic protein (MBP). 59. What proteins are found in basophils ➔ Histamine, Heparin, Leukotrienes and cytokines, Proteases. 60. What does the term "basophilia" refer to? ➔ Basophilia refers to an abnormally high number of basophils in the blood. 61. What is the role of heparin in basophils? ➔ The role of heparin in basophils is the enzyme that improves blood flow and prevents blood from clotting too quickly. 62. Where are monocytes located? ➔ In bloodstream. 63. Where are macrophages located? ➔ In tissue. 64. How long can monocytes survive in the bloodstream? ➔ 20-40 hours. 65. What is the developmental sequence of granulocytes? ➔ The developmental sequence of granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) is as follows: - Myeloblast - Promyelocyte 4 - Myelocyte - Metamyelocyte - Band cell (stab cell) - Mature granulocyte (neutrophil, eosinophil, or basophil). 66. Which leukocyte is the largest in size? ➔ Monocyte. 67. Which of the following leukocytes are agranulocytes? ➔ Lymphocytes and monocytes. 68. Which lymphocyte subset directly kills virus-infected cells? ➔ Cytotoxic T cells (CD8⁺ T cells). 69. Which cell surface markers are typically used to identify T-helper cells? ➔ T-helper cells are typically identified by the CD4 surface marker. 70. Where do monocytes take place? ➔ In bloodstream. 71. Where do macrophages take place? ➔ In tissue. 72. How long can monocytes survive in the blood? ➔ 20 to 40 hours. 73. Which leukocyte transforms into macrophages in tissues? ➔ Monocytes. 74. What is the lifespan of red blood cells? ➔ approximately 100-120 days. 75. Which growth factor is produced in the kidneys and is used to treat anemia associated with kidney disease? ➔ Erythropoietin (EPO). 76. Which erythroid precursor is no nucleus seen? ➔ Reticulocyte. 77. Which of the following is an erythroid progenitor? ➔ Colony-forming unit-erythroid (CFU-E) and burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E). 78. Which of the following is the most mature normoblast? ➔ Orthochromatic normoblast. 79. At which normoblastic stage does hemoglobin production begin? ➔ Basophilic Erythroblast. 80. What is the mature RBC? ➔ Erythrocyte. 81. What is the major function of neutrophils? ➔ The major function of neutrophils is to perform phagocytosis. 82. How many types of granules are found in neutrophils? ➔ there are 4 different type of granules - Primary granules - Secondary granules - Tertiary granules - Secretory vesicles. 83. Which proteins are contained in basophils? ➔ Basophils contain proteins such as: - Histamine: - Heparin - Cathepsin G - Major basic protein - Lysophospholipase. - 84. What is basophilia? ➔ Basophilia refers to an abnormally high number of basophils in the blood. 85. What does heparin in basophils do? ➔ Improves blood flow and prevents blood from clotting too quickly. 86. What is the primary role of eosinophils? ➔ The major role of eosinophils is host defense against parasites and capable of phagocytizing bacteria (although less effectively than neutrophils). 87. Which leukocyte is primarily responsible for producing antibodies? ➔ B lymphocytes (B cells). 88. Which cell surface markers are typically used to identify T-helper cells? ➔ CD4 cell surface marker. 89. Which leukocyte transforms into macrophages in tissues ➔ Monocytes. 90. Which type of leukocyte directly attacks infected or cancerous cells? ➔ Cytotoxic T cells (a type of T lymphocyte). 91. What is the lifespan of a normal red blood cell in circulation? ➔ 100-120 days. 92. What is the primary role of platelets? ➔ Blood clotting. 93. What is the form of iron in heme biosynthesis? ➔ Ferrous iron (Fe2+). 94. Which place is heme synthesized?  ➔ Heme is synthesized in the body in mitochondria and cytosol. 95. Which protein is highly toxic for larval parasites that is contained in eosinophils? ➔ Major basic protein (MBP). 96. Which one of the following is a function of macrophage? ➔ Phagocytosis. 97. What is the role of platelets in the body? ➔ Hemostasis. 98. Which precursor cell in the bone marrow gives rise to platelets? ➔ Megakaryocytes. 99. What is the lifespan of a normal platelet in circulation? ➔ 7 to 10 days. 100. Which growth factor triggers megakaryocyte maturation during thrombopoiesis? ➔ Thrombopoietin (TPO).