PE Unit 2 Exam Revision PDF

# The Cardiovascular System - **3 types of blood vessels and their appearance, differences, function.** - **Arteries** - are large thick elastic walled. Carry blood away from the heart. - **Capillaries** - tiny blood vessels between the venules and arterioles. They are the site for gaseous...

# The Cardiovascular System - **3 types of blood vessels and their appearance, differences, function.** - **Arteries** - are large thick elastic walled. Carry blood away from the heart. - **Capillaries** - tiny blood vessels between the venules and arterioles. They are the site for gaseous exchange - **Veins** - carry deoxygenated blood and waste products from the body's cells back to the heart. Thin walls - **Blood pressure and how it is measured** - **Cardiac Output, Stroke Volume and Heart Rate** - **Cardiac output (Q)** - The amount of blood pumped by the heart per min (HR X SV = Q) - **Stroke volume (SV)** - The amount of blood that is pumped by each beat of the heart. - **Heart Rate (HR)** - Amount of time your heart beats per min - **Acute and Chronic responses to exercise of CV system** - **Acute responses** - Increase HR - Increased Q - Increased blood flow (vasodilation) - Increased SV - **Chronic responses** - Increased SV - Resting HR decrease - Increased Q at maximal exercise - Increased (a-V02) # The Respiratory System - **Inspiration and Expiration** - **Inspiration** - The diaphragm moves downwards and intercostal muscles contracts, pulling downwards on the rib cage, hence expanding the volume of the chest cavity. - **Expiration** - occurs when the diaphragm moves upwards and intercostal muscles relax, creates higher pressure inside then out forcing air to leave the lungs. - **Role of Diaphragm and Rib cage** - **Diaphragm** - Contracts and relaxes to aid breathing, the chest cavity decreases and increases in size as the diaphragm moves up and down causing breathing. - **Gaseous exchange site** - **Diffusion** - is the movement of from a higher concentration to a lower concentration such as high o2 to low o2 - **Pulmonary diffusion** - Exchange of gas in the lungs, high concentration oxygen breathed in alveoli diffuses into capillaries and now lower concentration, oxygen attaches onto red blood cells moving to muscles. CO2 in capillaries is high concentration then diffuses into alveoli and is expelled. - **Ventilation(V)** - amount of the air breathed out and in per minute RR x TD = V - **Tidal Volume(TV)** - amount of air breathed in and out in one breath - **Respiratory rate(RR)** - the amount of breaths per min - **Total Lung Capacity** - Is the total amount of air that can be held in the lungs after inspiration. - **Vital Capacity** - the maximum amount of air that can be expired after maximum expiration - **Residual Volume** - is the amount of air left in the lungs after conscious maximum expiration - **Inspiration Reserve Capacity** - is the maximum amount of air that can be inspired after normal inspiration - **Expiration Reserve Capacity** - is the maximum amount of air that can be expired after normal expiration - **VO2 max** - is the maximum amount of oxygen per min that can be taken in, transported and used by muscles to produce ATP. - **Acute and Chronic Responses to exercise of Respiratory System.** - **Acute responses** - Increased RR - Increased TV - Increased V - **Chronic responses** - Increased lung capacity - RR at rest - Increased ventilation efficiency