Cardiovascular System Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of arteries in the cardiovascular system?

Transport deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Carry blood away from the heart (correct)

Facilitate gaseous exchange

Carry blood towards the heart

What calculation is used to determine cardiac output (Q)?

HR x SV (correct)

HR - SV

SV / HR

HR + SV

During acute exercise, which of the following responses is NOT expected from the cardiovascular system?

Increased cardiac output

Decreased heart rate (correct)

Increased blood flow

Increased stroke volume

When does diffusion occur in the context of pulmonary diffusion?

Between alveoli and capillaries Signup and view all the answers

How is ventilated air volume (V) calculated?

RR x TD Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately represents the role of the diaphragm during inspiration?

It contracts and creates a vacuum effect. Signup and view all the answers

What does increased (a-vO2) signify in cardiovascular fitness?

Enhanced oxygen delivery to tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT associated with chronic responses of the cardiovascular system to exercise?

Decreased stroke volume Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood vessel is primarily responsible for carrying deoxygenated blood back to the heart?

Veins Signup and view all the answers

What happens to heart rate (HR) during acute exercise?

Increases Signup and view all the answers

What defines stroke volume (SV)?

The amount of blood pumped by each beat of the heart Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following occurs during expiration?

Diaphragm moves upwards Signup and view all the answers

How is total lung capacity defined?

The total amount of air that can be held in the lungs after inspiration Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of increased stroke volume with regular training?

Allows for lower heart rate at rest Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of pulmonary diffusion in the respiratory system?

Exchanging gases between alveoli and capillaries Signup and view all the answers

Which is an example of a chronic response of the cardiovascular system to regular exercise?

Increase in maximal cardiac output Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Blood Vessels

Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.
Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that facilitate gas exchange between blood and tissues.

Blood Pressure

Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood against the walls of blood vessels.
It is measured using a sphygmomanometer and expressed as systolic (highest) and diastolic (lowest) pressure.

Cardiac Output

Cardiac output (Q) is the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute.
It is calculated by multiplying heart rate (HR) by stroke volume (SV).

Stroke Volume

Stroke volume (SV) is the amount of blood pumped by the heart with each beat.

Heart Rate

Heart Rate (HR) is the number of times the heart beats per minute.

Acute Exercise Response

Increased heart rate
Increased cardiac output
Increased blood flow (vasodilation)
Increased stroke volume

Chronic Exercise Response

Increased stroke volume
Decreased resting heart rate
Increased maximal cardiac output
Increased oxygen extraction by muscles (a-vO2 difference)

Respiration

Inspiration occurs when the diaphragm contracts and the intercostal muscles pull the rib cage downwards, expanding the chest cavity.
Expiration happens when the diaphragm relaxes and the intercostal muscles decrease the chest cavity volume, forcing air out.

Gaseous Exchange

Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration.
Pulmonary diffusion is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and capillaries.
Ventilation (V) is the amount of air breathed in and out per minute.
Tidal Volume (TV) is the volume of air breathed in and out with each breath.
Respiratory rate (RR) is the number of breaths per minute.
Total Lung Capacity is the maximum volume of air the lungs can hold.

The Cardiovascular System

Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, have thick, elastic walls to withstand high pressure.
Capillaries: Tiny blood vessels that connect arterioles and venules, facilitate gas exchange between blood and tissues.
Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart, have thinner walls than arteries due to lower pressure.
Blood pressure: The force of blood against the walls of blood vessels. Measured using a sphygmomanometer, expressed as systolic (highest) over diastolic (lowest) pressure.
Cardiac Output (Q): The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute. Calculated as Heart Rate (HR) multiplied by Stroke Volume (SV).
Stroke Volume (SV): The volume of blood pumped by the heart per beat.
Heart Rate (HR): The number of heartbeats per minute.

Acute and Chronic Responses to Exercise of the Cardiovascular System

Acute responses: Increased heart rate, increased cardiac output, vasodilation (widening of blood vessels), increased stroke volume.
Chronic responses: Increased stroke volume, decreased resting heart rate, increased cardiac output at maximal exercise, increased arteriovenous oxygen difference (a-V02).

The Respiratory System

Inspiration: Diaphragm contracts and moves downward, intercostal muscles contract, expanding the chest cavity and decreasing pressure, allowing air to enter the lungs.
Expiration: Diaphragm relaxes and moves upward, intercostal muscles relax, decreasing the chest cavity volume, increasing pressure and forcing air out of the lungs.
Diaphragm: The primary muscle responsible for breathing, contracts to expand the chest cavity during inspiration and relaxes to reduce the chest cavity volume during expiration.
Pulmonary Diffusion: Gas exchange in the lungs. Oxygen from inhaled air diffuses across the thin walls of the alveoli into the capillaries, where it binds to red blood cells and is transported to muscles. Carbon dioxide from the blood diffuses into the alveoli and is exhaled.
Ventilation (V): The volume of air breathed in and out per minute, calculated as respiratory rate (RR) multiplied by tidal volume (TV).
Tidal Volume (TV): The volume of air breathed in and out during a single breath.
Respiratory Rate (RR): The number of breaths taken per minute.
Total Lung Capacity: The total amount of air that can be held in the lungs after a full inspiration.

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Description

Explore the fundamentals of the cardiovascular system in this quiz. Learn about blood vessels, blood pressure, cardiac output, and the effects of exercise on heart rate. Test your knowledge on how the heart and blood vessels function together to maintain circulation.