Lecture 1. Bacteriology I PDF

BIOL2038/2044 Microbiology BIOL2038 – Environmental BIOL2044 – Medical  Welcome to Microbiology at UoS! Coordinator: Other academic staff: Sandra Wilks Bill Keevil [email protected] Office: 4th floor, office 5, B85 Vlad Jiranek [email protected]....

BIOL2038/2044 Microbiology BIOL2038 – Environmental BIOL2044 – Medical  Welcome to Microbiology at UoS! Coordinator: Other academic staff: Sandra Wilks Bill Keevil [email protected] Office: 4th floor, office 5, B85 Vlad Jiranek [email protected] Email: [email protected] Nela Nikolic [email protected] Lex Kraaijeveld [email protected] Jeremy Webb [email protected] Comprehensive introduction to microbiology weeks 1-6 Medical / Environmental themes from week 7 General information Week 18 – 23 – lectures will be on Tuesdays 1300 – 1500 in building 07, room 3009. From week 24: – BIOL2038 – Thursdays 0900 – 1100 in building 44, room 1057. – BIOL2044 – Tuesdays 1300 – 1500 in building 07, room 3009. Practicals – in building 85 teaching labs, check your group. Guest lecture for both groups. PLEASE LOOK OUT FOR BLACKBOARD ANNOUNCEMENTS 3 Learning outcomes When you successfully complete this course you will have an understanding of: – Diversity in the microbial world including bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi. – The impact microorganisms on the global environment e.g. their role in cycling of elements, and in disease. – Microbial biofilms, their role in the environment and in infection. – Methods for studying microbial populations and their function in the natural environment and disease. – The application of microbiology principles for industrial, environmental or public health benefits. Learning outcomes (cont.) When you successfully complete the course you will have an understanding of: – Testing scientific hypotheses via experimental design, analyse results and discuss outcomes in the light of the current body of knowledge (e.g. literature). – Critically evaluating scientific output. This includes self generated and published literature. – Demonstrating effective scientific communication skills (e.g. lab practical write-up in the form of a scientific paper). Feedback Comments written on your work. Q & A at the end of lectures. Email any of the lecturers. Drop-in times to discuss any problems. Make use of the chat/discussion board. Don’t hesitate to ask! Introduction to Microbiology Learning outcomes Gain a general understanding of the history of microbiology. Consider the relevance of microbiology in all areas of life, including: – Environmental processes – Industrial processes – Food industry – Medical What is microbiology? Often described as the study of organisms and agents too small to be seen by unaided eye (i.e. < 1 mm). However, some microorganisms (e.g. algae and fungi) have macroscopic life-stages. Microbiology is more broadly defined as the techniques for the isolation, culture and study of microorganisms. The history of microbiological science Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek's drawings of bacteria in the human mouth. Published 1684. ‘Father of microbiology’ First compound microscope, described ‘animalcules’. Lane (2015). The unseen world: reflections on Leeuwenhoek ‘Concerning little animals’. Phil. Trans B Roy. Soc. 370: 1666. The history of microbiological science What do you think is the next research development? Growth in the laboratory Nutritious laboratory media – can be general or selective. Agar media in Petri dish Growth in broth – becomes turbid - colonies Microbial growth Michał Komorniczak (Poland), Creative Commons It’s a microbial world Microorganisms evolved as the first forms of life on Earth approximately 1.5 billion years ago. Can now be found in every environment – from deep sea vents to glaciers, from rock formations subsurface to rain clouds, from soil to everywhere in our homes, offices, vehicles, on and in us. We still do not fully understand how many microorganisms there are, but we have some estimates… Some estimated numbers: There are 100 million times as many bacteria in the oceans as there are stars in the known universe. There are an estimated 1 x 1031 viruses – which, if laid end to end, would stretch for 100 million light years. Studies estimate that we breathe in between 100,000 to 1 million microorganisms from over 1,000 species each day, with around 725 always being present in the air. We will always share ourselves, our spaces and our air with microorganisms. First life forms on Earth Fossils of MO dating 3.5-3.8 billion years. 2.5-3 billion years ago Cyanobacteria & O2 producing photosynthesis. Modern eukaryotic cell 1.4 billion years ago. Humans 400 thousand years ago Stromatolites Prescott, Harley, Klein Microbiology 5th Ed. pg423 How important is microbiology? Food microbiology Food Raw ingredient Fermenting microorganism cheese milk Lactococcus sp. Various others inc. Penicillium sp. yogurt milk Streptococcus and Lactobacillus beer barley, wheat, rice Saccharomyces sp. wine grapes Saccharomyces sp. bread wheat Saccharomyces cerevisiae coffee coffee beans Erwinia dissolvens, Saccharomyces sp. miso soybeans Aspergillus sp. soy sauce soybeans Aspergillus sp. , Lactobacillus sp. sauerkraut cabbage Lactobacillus sp. Health Agents of disease (humans, animals, plants). Understanding microbes is the key to controlling infection and disease. Manufacture antibiotics, vitamins & other medial products via recDNA technology e.g. insulin. (Source:Vwmin) Bacterial diseases Half of all diseases are caused by bacteria. They cause disease by: – Disrupting the physiology of the cell by invasion and growth e.g. leprosy, syphilis, typhoid fever. – Growing inside the host and producing toxins (exotoxin and endotoxin) e.g. tetanus, botulism. Normal microbiota ‘good’ bacteria. Microorganisms colonise the body after birth. The human body contains 1013 body cells and 1014 bacterial cells*. Permanent residents of specific parts of the body. Microbes are not found throughout the body but are localised to certain regions – nose, throat, eye surface, mouth, skin, large intestine, urinary and genital systems. *Recent work has suggested 50:50 ratio  Normal microbiota Scalp: 106 per cm2 Mouth: 109 per cm2 Stomach: 103 - 106 Intestine: 1011 Skin: 102 - 107 per cm2 Normal microbiota e.g. Escherichia coli Have a ‘symbiotic’ relationship with us, they provide a protective layer in return for nutrients, e.g. E. coli produces vitamin K. In the gut, it produces compounds that kill pathogens such as Salmonella, Shigella and Clostridium. Can cause disease if they end up in another part of the body, e.g. E. coli in the urinary tract. (More information: E. Eloe-Fadrosh, D.A. Rasko (2013). The Human Microbiome: From Symbiosis to Pathogenesis. Ann. Rev. Med. 64: 145-163.) Microbial ecology Understanding diversity Global nutrient cycling Disease Symbosis…. Potential use to help solve environmental problems Biological control of pests and diseases. Waste management…. Environmental metagenomics Diversity and evolution Biofilms ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY Extreme environments Waste remediation & management Global nutrient cycling & climate change