SG_EAP11_12 Unit 2 Lesson 2 Outlining Academic Texts PDF

Unit 2: Thesis Statements and Outlining Lesson 2: Outlining Academic Texts Contents Engage 1 Introduction 1 Objectives 2 Explore 2 Explain and Elaborate...

Unit 2: Thesis Statements and Outlining Lesson 2: Outlining Academic Texts Contents Engage 1 Introduction 1 Objectives 2 Explore 2 Explain and Elaborate 3 Outlining Academic Texts 3 Topic Outline 4 Sentence Outline 6 IMRaD Outline 10 Extend 14 Activity 14 15 Evaluate 19 Wrap Up 19 Bibliography Unit 2.2: Outlining Academic Texts Engage Introduction Reading academic texts requires critical thinking skills. When reading for analysis, it is easier to break down the text with a visual representation, such as in the sample image. One way to see the text broken down visually is through an outline. An outline acts like a blueprint for the text. It may also be used by writers while in the prewriting stage. How is a blueprint similar to anoutline for a text? How can an outline be helpful for both readers and writers? Fig. 1. The woman is listing down ideas in a makeshift outline while brainstorming with others before organizing them into something more coherent. 1 Unit 2.2: Outlining Academic Texts Objectives In this lesson, you should be able to do the following: Identify the main ideas of outlines. Make an outline of a given topic. DepEd Competency Outline reading texts in various disciplines(CS_EN11/12A-EAPP-Ia-c-8). Explore 10 minutes Material Map of the Philippines or map of the local city With a partner, map out a trip to at least three destinations in the Philippines for summer vacation. Make an outline of your itinerary for the three destinations, including the planned duration per city or tourist spots to visit and the expected budget you and your partner will have. Guide Questions 1.What are the steps you took while planning your trip? 2 Unit 2.2: Outlining Academic Texts 2.What are the strategies you used while planning your vacation? 3.Why is planning for things imperative for organization? 4. How can planning a trip be similar to planning an essay? Explain and Elaborate Outlining Academic Texts Creating an outline is one of the last steps of the prewriting stage. It helps writers categorize the main points of the topic, organize the paragraphs to make sense, and ensure that the paragraphs are fully developed. An outline acts like a blueprint or a map, and it ultimately helps the writer to not get stuck while he or she is writing an essay. 3 Unit 2.2: Outlining Academic Texts A well-written and developed outline has the following: the thesis of the text the main idea well developed in each body paragraph the evidence or the supporting details in each paragraph to back up the main idea There are two types of outlines: a topic outline and a sentence outline. When planning to write a research text, you can use the IMRaD structure as a basis for your outline as well. Topic Outline When writing a topic outline, only phrases or main ideas are needed. There is no need for full sentences in the said outline. A topic outline also utilizes wording that is parallel to one another. This means that the same format is used for headings and subheadings (in terms of structure of words or parts of speech) for organization. Lastly, a heading or subheading should not be divided into one part only; if there is a concept under “A,” there must be a “B.” If there is a “1,” there must be a “2.” Why should a topic outline be a blueprint for the direction of an essay? Example 1 Thesis statement: Research has proven to be greatly beneficial to skills development and problem-solving. I. Skills developed A.Reading and writing skills Critical B. thinking skills Research C. skills Knowledge II. expanded A.More learnings B.Less ignorance about global matters C.Obvious global progress 4 Unit 2.2: Outlining Academic Texts III. More solutions A.Smaller research gap B.More viable, everyday solutions Application of said solutions C. Example 2 Thesis statement: There should be more effective marketing strategies for STEM education worldwide. I. What is STEM education A.Descriptions of STEM education B.Benefits of STEM education C.How STEM is marketed in education II. STEM at the local level A.Impact of STEM in PH setting B.Prominent Filipinos in STEM C.STEM’s role in PH progress III. STEM at the global level A.Impact of STEM in the global setting B.Prominent people in STEM C.STEM helping the world progress Tip Keep the headings parallel to one another in terms of the number of words. They should be the same number of words or at least around the same length. They could also use the same part of speech. 5 Unit 2.2: Outlining Academic Texts Example 3 Thesis statement: Filipinos should be prouder of the contemporary art scene. I. Description of local art A. Brief history of local art B.Characteristics of PH modern art C.Places to see modern art II. What local artists do A.Prominent members of the art community B.Some local artists C.Impact of art in modern PH society III. Promotion of local art A. Critiques about art B. Tips for appraising the art C.Promotions for the said local art Explanation Each outline contains a thesis statement, which is considered to be the backbone of the essay. The thesis statement is located alongside the topic of the outline. The topic is outlined using Roman numerals to indicate the main idea per body paragraph. As the first focus on describing how research has its benefits. The second topic outline focuses on topic outline how there discusses should the benefits be better of research, marketing for STEMtheeducation, body paragraphs so the main ideas found in the body have deductive approaches to their presentation. Lastly, the writer of the third outline aims to discuss the impact of local art, with its body paragraphs describing its different aspects. All of the headings in each of the outlines are parallel to one another with regard to the number of words used. Sentence Outline Unlike the topic outline, which utilizes phrases, the sentence outline makes use of sentences. That means all headings and subheadings must be in sentence form. There is a lesser need to have parallelism between headings and subheadings but the same concept of divisions per heading should still be followed; it cannot be divided into one part only. 6 Unit 2.2: Outlining Academic Texts How can the sentence outline be of better use than a topic outline? Example 1 Thesis statement: Globalization is not a progressive ideal for Generation Z. I. What is globalization? A. Globalization is the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale. B. Globalization has several advantages. 1.There is more international trade. 2. There is a lower cost of living. 3. There is a higher standard of living. C. Globalization has disadvantages. 1.There may be an exploitation of developing countries. 2.There is a chance of cultural homogenization. 3. There is a high chance of an adverse impact on local economies and the environment. II. Generation Z has a “woke” culture, which hinders certain core aspects of globalization. A.As a whole, Generation Z does not support the exploitation of countries. B.The internet allows more communication amongst Generation Z. 1.Social media sites act as news outlets. 2. Generation Z is the “techie generation,” and they are quite reactive to news. C.Social media presence may counter globalization. 1. Generation Z allows themselves to be aware of negative aspects of globalization. 2. It may lead to more “keyboard warriors” against the exploitation of countries. III. As globalization has a direct impact on the environment, there may be more initiatives to protect the environment. A.The responses of Generation Z to natural disasters is overwhelming. 7 Unit 2.2: Outlining Academic Texts 1.Social media includes countless posts for awareness. 2. Environmental activist Greta Thunberg is a good example of how Generation Z wields their influence and how they resonate with other members of their generation. B.Generation Z wants to support the protection of the environment. C. Generation Zshouldreachacompromisebetweentheneedsofthetimesand their own feelings about how to best preserve the environment. Explanation The above outline talks about Generation Z and the possibility that they may counter globalization based on their ideals. There is a concrete thesis statement, and the sentence outline shows the main ideas with subheadings and supporting details. It is more ideal to have supporting details for all subheadings. All information placed in the outline is in sentence form. If the writer were to use this outline for an essay, transition words from one thought to the next would be a recommendation. Remember Outlines will guide you in constructing your first draft. Without an outline, your written output might be left disorganized, incohesive, and incoherent. Example 2 Thesis statement: Raising awareness for different social issues is needed in contemporary Philippines. I. What are the different local issues that need to be discussed amongst Filipinos? A.The minimum wage of workers is still low despite the higher cost of living. B.Traffic in Metro Manila is considered one of the worst in the world. C. The modernization of jeepneys for public transportation has not been fully implemented. 8 Unit 2.2: Outlining Academic Texts II. What are the different ways to raise awareness about these issues? A. Sharing news (not fake news) about the topicshelpsspreadawarenessabout issues. B.Research can be conducted about the issues, which can then be presented. C. Writing position papers to our local Congress for support helps raise awareness. III. What are the impacts of raising awareness for the issues? A. There is a possibility we can fight for higher minimum wagesfortheworkers, as they deserve to have at least a comfortable quality of life. B. Private and government sectors can create better long-term solutions to address traffic issues. C. An action plan can be developed in order to help those who need help in transitioning from old jeepneys to modernized ones. Explanation The second sentence outline talks about how issues in the Philippines can be discussed to raise awareness. It is organized in a way that issues are first discussed before specifically suggesting ways to raise awareness. Through this, a composition using the outline will end with specific scenarios, which may occur if the steps for raising awareness are executed. Example 3 Thesis statement: The role of the media is to report the truth, even in times when panic may occur. I. Despite difficulties, the media still performs its duties. A. During crises, the media covers the beat, even if it shows faults and imperfections of the situations (Manila hostage-taking). B. The media covers election periods, from the campaigns to inauguration ceremonies. C. Because of the media, local and international news can reach the masses, especially when reporting in real time (such as with the COVID-19 pandemic). 9 Unit 2.2: Outlining Academic Texts II. Even if fake news is rampant in various channels, the media still combats them and reports the truth. A. Living in the technological age such as this may lead to rampant sharing of fake news, but the media counters fake news by informing the public of its lack of truthfulness. B. This requires the media to do more fact-checking and validation of sources before releasing anything, thereby avoiding anything that might be fake news. C. The media’s vigilance against fake news affects readers, as they rely on it to report the truth and to inform the public of fake news which could possibly be circulated. III. How can people help the media report the truth? A. People who encounter news should not immediately share it but do a fact check to ensure that it is legitimate. B.People should support the media in reporting facts. C. People should celebrate the media for doingtheirjobscorrectlyandpromote the news outlets who combat fake news. Explanation The outline focuses on how the media does its job to report the truth. The three main ideas that support the thesis statement focus on instances in which the media did their job, the challenges the media face, and how people can help the media do their jobs. The subconcepts support the main ideas. Readers may have a clearer idea of the concepts discussed because they are in the form of a sentence outline, which presents ideas in complete statements. Why should you organize your research in an outline before writing it? IMRaD Outline When writing research, articles, and abstracts, it is imperative to outline for the organization of ideas. As discussed before, IMRaD stands for Introduction, Methodology, Results, and 10 Unit 2.2: Outlining Academic Texts Discussion. IMRaD outlines can utilize either a sentence or topic outline, and it should contain all the essential parts of the research. The introduction should have the specific research problems to be discussed, and the methodology should contain the following: research design, participants, research environment, instrumentation, and data analysis. The results should have the specific data for each problem addressed in the research. Lastly, the discussion should contain main ideas, analyses, and conclusions of the results. Example 1 Research topic: Perceptions of the Senior High School Students (SHS) in Bacoor about the Government’s Initiatives for Eco-Friendly Packaging in the Philippines I. Introduction A. Presentation of related studies of eco-friendly packaging 1.Romanian research 2. Local research B. Framework C.Statement of the problem (SOP) 1. What arethestudents’perceptionsaboutthegovernment’spoliciesfor eco-friendly packaging in the private sector? 2. Whatarethestudents'perceptionsaboutthegovernment’spoliciesfor eco-friendly packaging in the public markets? 3. What are the students’ perceptions about the government’s policies about reinforcing the use of eco-friendly packaging locally? II. Methodology A. Descriptive research B.SHS student respondents C. Bacoor, Cavite (senior high schools) D.Survey methods E. Descriptive statistics III. Results A.Results for SOP 1 B.Results for SOP 2 C.Results for SOP 3 11 Unit 2.2: Outlining Academic Texts IV. Discussion A.Significant findings per SOP B.Impact on SHS students C.Impact on further research How can the results be presented in an outline for IMRaD? Example 2 Research topic: Case Study of the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) of a Small Business in Davao I. Introduction A. Presentation of related studies of corporate social responsibility 1. Definition of corporate social responsibility 2. Kinds of businesses 3.Small businesses 4. Foreign literature about CSR 5. Local literature about CSR B. Framework C.Statement of the problem 1.What aspects of CSR does the business promote? 2.How does the business promote its CSR? 3.What is the feedback of the business’s clientele regarding its CSR? II. Methodology A. Case study B.Small business C. Davao City, Philippines D.Interview, survey, documents E. Open and axial coding and descriptive statistics 12 Unit 2.2: Outlining Academic Texts III. Results A.Results for SOP 1 B.Results for SOP 2 C.Results for SOP 3 IV. Discussion A.Significant findings per SOP B.Impact on the customers of the business C.Impact on the beneficiaries of the the CSR D.Impact on the business Why can either a topic outline or sentence outline be appropriate for IMRaD? Example 3 Research topic: Narratives of Local Filipino Generation Z vloggers I. Introduction A. Vlogging 1. Influencing/Content creation 2. Different vloggers in the Philippines 3. Stories and reasons why vloggers started B. Framework C.Statement of the Problem 1.What inspired the vloggers to start content creation? 2. What were the difficulties of the vloggers when starting with content creation? 3. How do you create content for vlogs? II. Methodology A.Qualitative study B. 3–5 Generation Z Filipino vloggers C.Metro Manila D.Interview and focused group discussion E. Open and axial coding 13 Unit 2.2: Outlining Academic Texts III. Results A.Results for SOP 1 B.Results for SOP 2 C.Results for SOP 3 IV. Discussion A.Significant findings per SOP B.Impact of Generation Z Filipino Vloggers Explanation All three topic outlines present information for specific research topics, mainly one quantitative topic and two qualitative studies. Each outline contains a research topic which can be a guide for a possible working title for research. The introduction of each outline does not contain a thesis statement but rather three statements of the problem or research questions to be covered in the research. Next, the methodology of each outline has the environment, instrumentations, and way of analyzing data. The results show that each SOP should be discussed following parts: research according design, to the respondents, analysis of data. research Lastly, the locale discussion or part of each outline mentions the benefactors of the study. Extend Activity Create a topic outline for a comparison-contrast essay about developed and developing countries and their approaches to politics. 14 Unit 2.2: Outlining Academic Texts Guide It is best to create a thesis statement before making an outline. Once you have established a thesis statement, be sure to organize the similarities and differences. This may require some research on the given topic. Be sure to create three supporting arguments for the thesis statement, then create three supporting details for the supporting arguments. Evaluate A. Answer the following questions as accurately and precisely as you can. 1.What are the two kinds of outlines? 2.What are the parts of the IMRaD outline? 15 Unit 2.2: Outlining Academic Texts 3.What are the five parts of the methods, which should be included in the outline? 4.What are the differences between the two types of outlines? 5.What is the one essential part that needs to always be present in an outline? B. Carefully think before writing a complete answer for each question. 1.Why is it imperative to create an outline for expository texts? 2.Why is it important to construct an outline for the IMRaD of your research? 3. Create a thesis statement and three supporting details for a persuasive essay about testing and experimentation on animals. 16 Unit 2.2: Outlining Academic Texts 4. Create a thesis statement, three supporting details, and three more specific details under the given supporting details for a descriptive essay about music therapy for children. 5. Create a sentence outline complete with a thesis statement for an argumentative essay about better healthcare in the Philippines. 17 Unit 2.2: Outlining Academic Texts 18 Unit 2.2: Outlining Academic Texts Wrap Up ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Therearetwowaystooutlineideasforwrittenworks:topicoutlineandsentence outline. Thetopic outlineutilizes key words and conceptsonly. Thesentence outlineutilizes complete sentences toorganize ideas. An outline can be used to present the IMRaD of a research paper. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Bibliography “Creating an Outline.” Online Writing Lab. Aims Community College. Accessed March 18, 2020. https://www.aims.edu/student/online-writing-lab/process/outline. “Example of Sentence Outline.” Oakton Community College. Accessed March 18, 2020. https://www.oakton.edu/studentservices/learning_center/tutoring/research_paper_tip s/sentence_outline.php. “Example of Topic Outline.” Oakton Community College. Accessed March 18, 2020. https://www.oakton.edu/studentservices/learning_center/tutoring/research_paper_tip s/topic_outline.php. Hertzberg, Karen. “How to Write an Outline: 4 Ways to Organize Your Thoughts.” Grammarly, May 22, 2019.https://www.grammarly.com/blog/how-to-write-outline/. “Types of Outlines.” Purdue Writing Lab. Accessed March 18, 2020. https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/the_writing_process/developing_an_outlin e/types_of_outlines.html. 19