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DISCIPLINES INVOLVED IN PHYSICAL SCIENCE During the second semester, the following branches of science will be the focus of our discussion: st 1 Quarter – Chemistry nd 2 Quarter – Physics COURSE SYLLABUS (Chemistry) 1. Big Bang Theory and the Formation of Elements 2. Polarity of Molecu...

DISCIPLINES INVOLVED IN PHYSICAL SCIENCE During the second semester, the following branches of science will be the focus of our discussion: st 1 Quarter – Chemistry nd 2 Quarter – Physics COURSE SYLLABUS (Chemistry) 1. Big Bang Theory and the Formation of Elements 2. Polarity of Molecules and Intermolecular Forces of Attraction 3. The Chemistry of Life: Biomolecules 4. Factors Affecting the Rate of Chemical Reaction 5. Different Types and Sources of Energy Reminders 1. ALL ACTIVITIES (written works, Performance tasks, and quizzes) must be submitted on time. 2. Quizzes and all examinations are ALWAYS ANNOUNCE. 3. Do your work with CLARITY AND QUALITY. 4. Attendance is a MUST. 5. Grading system is 25%, 50%, and 25%. RECALL OF BASIC INFORMATION Smallest, indivisible particle of ATOM matter Group of two or more atoms, MOLECULE forming an element Pure substance that cannot be broken down by any chemical ELEMENT application A substance composed of two or COMPOUND more elements RECALL OF BASIC INFORMATION These are compound composed ORGANIC mainly by Carbon COMPOUND These are compounds that does INORGANIC not contain Carbon atom COMPOUND Positively charged sub-atomic PROTON particles Negatively charged sub-atomic ELECTRON particles LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Give evidence for and describe the formation of heavier elements during star formation and evolution 2. Explain how the concept of atomic number led to the synthesis of new elements in the laboratory LEARNING COMPETENCY 1. Describe Big Bang Theory, atoms, and the nucleosynthesis 2. Describe the characteristics of stars 3. Appreciate the significance of stars and the atoms that fuels them 4. Create a representation of the historical development of atom or chemical element using a timeline OUTLINE OF THE TOPIC 1. Big Bang Theory 2. Nucleosynthesis - formation of primitive elements - formation of star 3. Formation of Heavier Elements - evolution of star Did you know? Milky Way Galaxy The Milky way galaxy is only one of the 100 billion galaxies in the universe. This is where our solar system can be found and where the nine planets are located. This is where the Sun is situated, and considered as the closest star to us. The Solar System BIG BANG THEORY (SINGULARITY) - Proposed by Edwin P. Hubble, inventor of Hubble space telescope. - This theory suggest that nothing existed before big bang. Only a single thing, with no origin, existed at the very beginning. - This singularity gave rise to space, the universe, the galaxies, the stars, and planets, as it began to expand during inflation due to high temperature. BIG BANG THEORY (SINGULARITY) - As the singularity expand, billions of galaxies were born, and its expansion leads to a substantial drop to the temperature. - The Hubble space telescope confirmed the expanding universe observed today. - Using the space telescope, Hubble were able to proved that objects that are thought to be clouds of dust and gas are actually galaxies beyond the milky way. NUCLEOSYNTHESIS NUCLEOSYNTHESIS - Refers to the process of creating new atomic nuclei from pre-existing sub-atomic particles such as proton and neutron. - It happens right after the Big Bang cools down, bringing the quarks to form protons and neutrons.  LIGHT ELEMENTS Light elements were born from the synthesis of sub-atomic particles abundant in the outer space. NUCLEOSYNTHESIS - 1 Electron + 1 Proton = Hydrogen - When 1 Hydrogen atom and 1 neutron are combined together Deuterium is formed. - When 1 hydrogen atom combined with 2 neutrons, Tritium is formed. - Deuterium and Tritium are called as hydrogen isotopes. - When 2 deuterium are combined together, Helium is formed. Hydrogen isotopes Note: 1. Number of proton, electron, and the atomic number are always the same for all elements. 2. Number of neutron is obtained from the difference of the atomic weight/mass and the atomic number. Let us try on Sodium: 11 – Protons, Electrons, & Atomic number 23 – 11 = 12 Neutrons If the missing is atomic weight, just add proton, electron, or atomic number to neutron. 11 + 12 = 23 (Atomic weight) Let us try: Atomic number - 19 Proton - 19 Electron - 19 Neutron = atomic weight - atomic number Neutron = 39 - 19 = 20 NOTE: The atomic number of an element represent the number of proton and electron. Thus, the three are ALWAYS THE SAME. To get the number neutron, CHANGE the atomic weight/mass INTO A WHOLE NUMBER. The formulas for neutron are as follow: 1. Neutron = Atomic mass – Atomic number 2. Neutron = Atomic mass – Electron 3. Neutron = Atomic mass – Proton NOTE: If the missing quantity is the atomic mass, and the given is the number of neutron, reverse the formula of neutron into the following: 1. Atomic mass = Neutron + Atomic number 2. Atomic mass = Neutron + Proton 3. Atomic mass = Neutron + Electron  Complete the table below Element Proton Electron Neutron Atomic Mass Lithium 3 7 Beryllium 4 5 Boron 6 11 Carbon 6 6 Nitrogen 7 14  Complete the table below Element Proton Electron Neutron Atomic Mass Lithium 3 3 4 7 Beryllium 4 4 5 9 Boron 6 6 5 11 Carbon 6 6 6 12 Nitrogen 7 7 7 14 NUCLEOSYNTHESIS - Hydrogen and Helium were the primitive elements formed as the big bang started to cools down due to its continuous expansion. - These two elements are the fundamental particles for the formation of star. - Within a dust and cloud formation called nebulae, hydrogen are squeezed together because of a strong gravitational force. - When enough hydrogen atoms are fused together, protostar is then born. NUCLEOSYNTHESIS Nebula - Hydrogen nuclei within a 1st stage of star development nebula are kept by a very strong gravitational pull. - A protostar is born if there are enough hydrogen atoms within the nebula. - The nebula is the parental structure of protostar that supplies hydrogen atom. NUCLEOSYNTHESIS - A protostar derive its supply of hydrogen from its parental nebula. - A protostar is the first stage of the very long life cycle and evolution of a star. Protostar - Nucleosynthesis of Young star hydrogen is the reason why stars are born from the universe. NUCLEOSYNTHESIS  Middle stage of star development EVOLUTION OF STAR - Right after protostar, hydrogen nuclei are squeezed to form helium core. - Once helium core is created, it speed up the nuclear reaction and gave rise to a main sequence star, containing much heavier nucleus. Main Sequence Star  Middle stage of star development EVOLUTION OF STAR - Nuclear fusion is the reason why helium core of a main sequence star is created. This happens when two light nuclei merge to form heavier nucleus. - Within a main sequence star, atoms starts to bond forming much heavier elements. Main Sequence Star EVOLUTION OF STAR - Once a main sequence star expand its size, it will collapse on its own gravity. - The inward force of gravity will result for the formation of white dwarf, with no source of energy. White Dwarf The star becomes cooler End product of a low-mass and and dimmer, and average mass stars eventually it will die. CHARACTERISTICS OF A STAR 1. Luminosity – it depends on the temperature and color of the stars. 2. Color – blue stars are the brightest while red stars are dimmest 3. Temperature – blue stars are the hottest while red stars are coldest 4. Size – the bigger the star, the brighter 5. Mass – the more massive a star is, the brighter. Yet, it has a shorter life span than less massive stars. SUMMARY OF THE BIG BANG 1. After the singularity expand due to a very high temperature, particles are flying everywhere. Right after the expansion, it started to form the space we now called as the universe. After the formation of the universe, galaxies start to arise as the singularity decreases its temperature. 2. Right after the singularity cools down, quarks start to form proton and neutron. After the formation of these sub-atomic particles, a force of attraction pulled them together to form the atomic nuclei. The formation of atomic nuclei gave rise for the formation of the first known element which is the Helium. 3. Right after Helium was formed, the proton and electron fused together to form the basic source of energy of all stars which is the Hydrogen. It is synthesized by the parental nebulae which is known as the dust and cloud formation using a strong gravitational pull in order to create a protostar, a very young star. 4. As the hydrogen nuclei continue to fuse due to intense nuclear fusion, heavier element was created. Helium core was created. Once a protostar gain a helium core it will then evolve into a main sequence star. A main sequence star will continue to fuse hydrogen nuclei in order to synthesize much heavier elements. 5. Once a main sequence star runs out of its source of hydrogen, it will fuse the Helium in creating heavier elements such as Carbon, Neon, Oxygen, Silicon, and Iron. Because of the loss of Hydrogen, a main sequence star will turn into a White dwarf, with no source of energy. Eventually, it will die. 6. After the formation of the earliest star, the solar system in the Milky way galaxy was created. Scientist estimated that solar system was formed 8.5 to 9 billion years after the Big Bang. The Sun, a main sequence star, is believed to become a Red giant or Red Supergiant that will cause Supernova explosion in the future. TO SUM IT UP 1. What happens during the Big Bang? 2. How hydrogen are formed? 3. How helium are formed? 4. Describe a protostar. 5. What will happen if the Sun explode in a Supernova explosion?