Chemistry Quiz: Formation of Elements

Course Information

• The course is offered by Unida Christian Colleges (UCC)
• The department is Science in Basic Education
• Course abbreviation is UCC-DSBE
• The goal is to raise responsible learners in the community through science.

Physical Science Disciplines

• The focus of the second semester is:
  • Chemistry: 1st Quarter
  • Physics: 2nd Quarter

Chemistry Syllabus

• Topics for Chemistry include:
  • Big Bang Theory and the Formation of Elements
  • Polarity of Molecules and Intermolecular Forces of Attraction
  • The Chemistry of Life: Biomolecules
  • Factors Affecting the Rate of Chemical Reaction
  • Different Types and Sources of Energy

Reminders

• All activities including written works, performance tasks and quizzes must be submitted on time.
• Quizzes and exams are announced in advance.
• Work must be completed with clarity and quality.
• Attendance is mandatory.
• Grading system is 25%, 50%, and 25%.

Basic Information

• Atom: Smallest, indivisible particle of matter.
• Molecule: Group of two or more atoms forming an element.
• Element: Pure substance, cannot be broken down chemically.
• Compound: Substance composed of two or more elements.
• Organic Compound: Composed mainly of carbon.
• Inorganic Compound: Does not contain carbon atoms.
• Proton: Positively charged sub-atomic particle.
• Electron: Negatively charged sub-atomic particle.

Big Bang Theory and Formation of Elements

• Learning objectives: Describe the big bang theory, atoms, and nucleosynthesis; Describe the characteristics of stars; appreciate the significance of stars and the atoms that fuels them; Create a representation of the historical development of atom or chemical element using a timeline
• Outline of the topic:
  • Big Bang Theory
  • Nucleosynthesis (Formation of primitive elements & Formation of Star)
  • Formation of Heavier Elements (Evolution of Star)

Milky Way Galaxy and Solar System

• The Milky Way Galaxy is one of 100 billion galaxies in the universe.
• Our solar system is located within it.
• The Sun is the closest star to us within the Milky Way Galaxy.
• The solar system contains the Sun and nine planets.

Big Bang Theory (Singularity)

• Proposed by Edwin P. Hubble.
• The theory suggests that nothing existed before the Big Bang.
• A single thing (no origin) existed at the beginning.
• The singularity expanding lead to formation of galaxies and a drop in temperature.
• Hubble space telescope confirmed expanding universe.
• Objects believed to dust and gas clouds are actually galaxies beyond the Milky Way.

Nucleosynthesis

• Refers to the process of creating new atomic nuclei.
• Occurs after the Big Bang cools, forming protons and neutrons from quarks.

Light Elements

• Light elements (Hydrogen, Helium, Lithium, Beryllium) were formed during nucleosynthesis by the combination of sub-atomic particles.

Atomic Structure and Calculations

• Number of protons and electrons are equal
• Number of neutrons varies for each element
• Calculating number of neutrons can be accomplished by subtracting protons/electrons from total atom weight

Nucleosynthesis (Hydrogen and Helium Formation)

• Hydrogen and Helium were the first elements formed during the Big Bang.
• These elements are fundamental for star formation.
• Hydrogen atoms in a nebula are pulled together by gravity.

Nucleosynthesis (Within a Nebula)

• Hydrogen atoms within a nebula are held by gravitational force
• A protostar is born with enough hydrogen atoms

Nucleosynthesis (Protostar Formation)

• A protostar derives hydrogen from its parental nebula.
• It is the first stage of a star's long life cycle.
• Hydrogen bonding is the reason stars are born in the universe.

Formation of Heavier Elements

• Star evolution involves initial hydrogen fusion forming a helium core in the protostar.
• The helium core increases nuclear reaction rates into main sequence stars with heavier nuclei.

Evolution of Star

• Main sequence phase: Helium core is created by intense hydrogen nuclear fusion, producing heavier elements.
• White dwarf: When a star depletes its hydrogen supply it evolves into a white dwarf, losing energy and becoming dimmer until dying.

Characteristics of a Star

• Luminosity depends on temperature and color.
• Blue stars are the brightest while red stars are dimmest.
• Blue stars are the hottest while red stars are coldest.
• The bigger the star, the brighter.
• The more massive the star, the brighter, but shorter life.

Summary of Big Bang

• After singularity expansion, particles spread, creating the universe and galaxies.
• The singularity cools, creating protons and neutrons from quarks (sub atomic particles).
• Atomic nuclei form, creating the initial elements (Helium).
• Protons and electrons combine forming Hydrogen which is the energy source of stars.
• Stars are formed by gravitational pull of a nebula.