Pathophysiology UT Test 3 PDF

11/6/24, 10:44 AM Pathophysiology UT Test 3 낱말 카드 | Quizlet Pathophysiology UT Test 3 첫 번째 평점 남기기 저장 학생들은 다음 콘...

11/6/24, 10:44 AM Pathophysiology UT Test 3 낱말 카드 | Quizlet Pathophysiology UT Test 3 첫 번째 평점 남기기 저장 학생들은 다음 콘텐츠도 학습했습니다 PATHO final review systems hw 12.7 52 단어 64 단어 15 단어 보기 meganratcliff79 미리보기 Phoenixalb123 미리보기 bayou3 미리보기 이 세트의 단어 (325) ganglion collection of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS with a common task cell body in spinal cord innervates effector muscle somatic motor neuron 1st neuron: cell body is in spinal cord (preganglionic) autonomic 2 motor neurons in series 2nd neuron: cell body is in autonomic ganglion (postganglion) innervates effector synapses with the cell body of the postganglionic Preganglionic neuron (autonomic nerve fiber in a ganglion outside the CNS pathway) sends axons that end on the effector organ Postganglionic neuron (autonomic nerve pathway) in a ganglia near or within the walls of the effector organ dominates in quiet, relaxed "rest and digest" situations. body maintenance activities such as digestion "cranial sacral" Parasympathetic system nearly all organs receive dual innervation by the parasympathetic system and sympathetic system ANS operates by visceral reflexes https://quizlet.com/847691897/pathophysiology-ut-test-3-flash-cards/?funnelUUID=95baea80-76cf-4a83-9057-397e61c35227 1/21 11/6/24, 10:44 AM Pathophysiology UT Test 3 낱말 카드 | Quizlet dominates in emergency or stressful "fight or flight" situations responses that prepare body for strenuous physical activity "thoracolumbar" Sympathetic system nearly all organs receive dual innervation by parasympathetic system and sympathetic system operates by visceral reflexes Cranial nerve nuclei III, VII, IX, X "Cranial-Sacral" outflow (PNS) majority pass uninterrupted, directly to the target organ specific innervation Oculomotor nerve (III) ciliary muscles, pupillary sphincter muscle of the eye Facial nerve (VII) submandibular and sublingual salivary, lacrimal, and nasal glands Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX) parotid glands carries 75% of preganglionic parasympathetic axons Vagus Nerve (X) parasympathetic innervation to thoracic and abdominal region project via the pelvic nerves to pelvic ganglia located in bladder, ureter, descending Sacral spinal cord (S2-S4) colon, rectum, and reproductive organs S: salivation L: lacrimation U: urination D: digestion Parasympathetic responses: SLUDD and 3 D: defecation Decreases 3 Decreases: 1. heart rate 2. airway diameter 3. pupil diameter Preganglionic neurons: bilateral, in spinal segments T-1 to L-2 splanchnic nerves to celiac, hypogastric Postganglionic neurons: sympathetic chain ganglia- innervates smooth muscle of blood vessels and piloerector muscles, sweat glands "Thoracolumbar" output (SNS) innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and bronchi and iris 8% of nerve fibers within spinal nerves Prevertebral ganglia: celiac ganglion hypogastric plexus Adrenal medulla https://quizlet.com/847691897/pathophysiology-ut-test-3-flash-cards/?funnelUUID=95baea80-76cf-4a83-9057-397e61c35227 2/21 11/6/24, 10:44 AM Pathophysiology UT Test 3 낱말 카드 | Quizlet E and NE almost always released by adrenal medulla at same time that different organs stimulated by generalized sympathetic activation capability of E and NE to stimulate structures of the body that are not innervated by direct sympathetic fibers Adrenal Medulla norepinephrine: about 20% of hormone release epinephrine: about 80% of hormone release chromaffin cells synthesize epinephrine eye dilation increase HR increased contractility viscous secretion (salivary glands) bronchi relaxation Sympathetic responses sweat secretion contraction and relaxation of vascular smooth muscle GI tract: inhibits secretion, inhibits motility, and sphincter contraction bladder: relax detrusor muscle and contract internal sphincter sympathetic nervous system can discharge simultaneously as a complete unit (mass discharge) usually initiated by the hypothalamus in response to fear, severe pain, or rage increase arterial pressure mass discharge of the sympathetic nervous increase cardiac and skeletal muscle blood flow system decrease skin blood flow increase blood glucose concentration increase muscle and liver glycolysis increase muscle strength increase mental activity increase blood coagulation increase diameter of respiratory airways all preganglionic fibers= ACh Autonomic neurotransmitters postganglionic fibers of parasympathetic: ACh Postganglionic of sympathetic: most are adrenergic and few are ACh https://quizlet.com/847691897/pathophysiology-ut-test-3-flash-cards/?funnelUUID=95baea80-76cf-4a83-9057-397e61c35227 3/21 11/6/24, 10:44 AM Pathophysiology UT Test 3 낱말 카드 | Quizlet ligand= epinephrine (adrenaline) or norepinephrine can be excitatory or inhibitory depending on effector receptors can respond to ANS (neurotransmitter) or to adrenaline released from the adrenal medulla (hormone) adrenergic neurotransmission Most sympathetic postganglionic cells- effectors innervated by sympathetic division sympathetic stimulations tend to be more widespread sympatethic rxns: tend to be longer lasting bc transmitter substance is not directly broken down but diffuses away (COMT & MAO) take longer to inactivate) ligand= NE or E NE can be released as NT or hormone E released as hormone A receptors: a1: excitatory a2: inhibitory b receptors: Adrenergic receptors b1: excitatory b2: inhibitory b3: only found on cells of brown adipose tissue (thermogenesis) activity terminated in 1 or 2 ways: reuptake by neuron that released it enzymatically inactivated: (catechol-O-methyltransferase COMT) (monoamine oxidase MAO) ANS maintains visceral homeostasis through autonomic reflexes (1) receptor to Autonomic reflexes (2) sensory neuron to (3) integrating center to (4) motor neurons to (5) effector https://quizlet.com/847691897/pathophysiology-ut-test-3-flash-cards/?funnelUUID=95baea80-76cf-4a83-9057-397e61c35227 4/21 11/6/24, 10:44 AM Pathophysiology UT Test 3 낱말 카드 | Quizlet blood pressure salivation gastric secretions defecation body functions regulated by autonomic gallbladder emptying reflexes pancreatic secretions micturition (urination) sweating blood glucose concentrations cerebrum/limbic system: thoughts/ emotions can influence ANS function via hypothalamus Hypothalamus: ANS integration control Nuclei monitor BP, body temp, feeding, digestion, etc. directly initiates autonomic responses through direct projections onto preganglionic neurons autonomic control by higher centers regulates autonomic responses through projections to autonomic centers in the brain stem brain stem: ANS reflex center spinal cord: ANS reflex center- urination, defecation, reproductive behaviors "rest and digest" ACh Craniosacral close to the organ (ganglia) Parasympathetic summary long preganglionic neuron short postganglionic neuron specific connectivity independent regulation of end organs essential for life https://quizlet.com/847691897/pathophysiology-ut-test-3-flash-cards/?funnelUUID=95baea80-76cf-4a83-9057-397e61c35227 5/21 11/6/24, 10:44 AM Pathophysiology UT Test 3 낱말 카드 | Quizlet "fight or flight" ACh, E, NE Thoracolumbar close to the cord (ganglia) Sympathetic summary short preganglionic neuron long postganglionic neuron ramified connectivity coordinated regulation of end organs not essential for life skeletal muscle voluntary movement cortex, cerebellum, and basal ganglia reflexes involuntary movement spinal cord telencephalon: crebral cortex basal ganglia limbic system Forebrain olfactory bulbs Diencephalon: thalamus hypothalamus mesencephalon: substantia nigra tegmentum Midbrain red nucleus reticular formation tectum (colliculi) metencephalon: pons cerebellum Hindbrain myencephalon: medulla cerebral cortex (premotor cortex, supplemental motor cortex, primary motor cortex, and speech center) 3 major regions in brain involved in voluntary movement basal ganglia cerebellum https://quizlet.com/847691897/pathophysiology-ut-test-3-flash-cards/?funnelUUID=95baea80-76cf-4a83-9057-397e61c35227 6/21 11/6/24, 10:44 AM Pathophysiology UT Test 3 낱말 카드 | Quizlet red nucleus reticular formation smaller roles in brain involved in voluntary movement pons thalamus mental planning and "staging" of movement premotor cortex (voluntary movement) anterior forms motor image posterior translates it integrates movement Supplemental motor cortex bilateral movements "background movements" execution of movements Primary motor cortex 1. sensory cortex (detect it) 2. Sensory association cortex (integrate it) 3. prefrontal cortex (think about it/ plan) Voluntary movement: information flow 4. premotor/ supplemental cortex (image/ translate it) 5. primary motor cortex (tell spinal cord to do it) 6. spinal cord (do it) To spinal cord: direct- corticospinal tract indirect- red nucleus (reticular formation) Outgoing pathways from motor cortex To other cortical regions To basal ganglia "pyramidal tract" or "upper motor neurons" controls speed and precision of fine motor corticospinal tract most fibers cross (medulla) and synapse on interneurons in the spinal cord betz cell-16nm giant pyramidal cells https://quizlet.com/847691897/pathophysiology-ut-test-3-flash-cards/?funnelUUID=95baea80-76cf-4a83-9057-397e61c35227 7/21 11/6/24, 10:44 AM Pathophysiology UT Test 3 낱말 카드 | Quizlet 1. "accessory route" 2. rough topographical map red nucleus 3. closely associated with cerebellar function (comparator function) 4. control of distal motor group, upper limbs + signs: 1. plasticity 2. exaggerated spinal reflexes 3. babinski response Symptoms of cortical damage - signs: 1. hypotonia 2. loss of sensation (damage to sensory cortex) 3. apraxia (motor impairment) 4. aphasia (communication/ comprehension impairment) 1. caudate (striatum) 2. putamen (striatum) 5 nuclei of the basal ganglia 3. globus pallidus 4. substantia nigra 5. subthalamic nucleus normal: balanced activity of direct and indirect pathways Direct pathway: enables basal ganglia direct vs. indirect pathway (D1 increases movement) Indirect pathway: inhibits movement (D2 inhibits movement) compares actual with intended movement Spinocerebellum (cerebellum) planning and initiation of voluntary activity, storage of procedural memories Cerebrocerebellum (cerebellum) maintenance of balance, control of eye movements Vestibulocerebellum (cerebellum) https://quizlet.com/847691897/pathophysiology-ut-test-3-flash-cards/?funnelUUID=95baea80-76cf-4a83-9057-397e61c35227 8/21 11/6/24, 10:44 AM Pathophysiology UT Test 3 낱말 카드 | Quizlet 1. motor cortex to spinal cord 2. Motor cortex collateral axon (CB) tells CB intended motor plan 3. lower motor neurons (SC) muscles= movement 4. muscle proprioception "actual movement" to cerebellum Cerebellar comparator function 5. intended and actual info meet at cerebellum (are compared) 6. cerebellum tweaks intent (at spinal cord via red nucleus) 7. cerebellum to motor cortex (cerebellum informs motor cortex via thalamus what it did, so cortex can improve next time) ataxia (uncoordinated movement) past pointing damage to cerebellum intention tremors hypotonia (decreased muscle tone) "failures of progression" fundamentals: 1. dermatomes Ventral horn (motor control) 2. white v. grey matter 3. neurons of the spinal cord Cervical (C1-C8): head, neck, shoulders, parts of upper arms and hands Thoracic (T1-T12): arms, hands, and trunk Myotomes Lumbar (L1-L5): Waist, thighs, legs, and part of feet Sacral (S1-S5): back of legs, buttocks, and anus Sacrococcygeal white= tracts/ axons White v. grey matter grey= unmyelinated neurons, cell bodies of neurons (interneurons and motor neurons) https://quizlet.com/847691897/pathophysiology-ut-test-3-flash-cards/?funnelUUID=95baea80-76cf-4a83-9057-397e61c35227 9/21 11/6/24, 10:44 AM Pathophysiology UT Test 3 낱말 카드 | Quizlet interconnections between motor neurons and interneurons are responsible Integrative functions of the spinal cord alpha motor neurons (Aa) Gamma motor neurons (Ay) flexion: contract a flexor muslce, closes joint angle (ex: bicep) Antagonistic muscle pairs extension: contract an extensor muscle, opens joint angle (ex: triceps) consists of a collection of specialized intrafusal fibers that lie within a connective tissue capsule parallel to the ordinary extrafusal skeletal muscle fibers muscle spindle muscle spindle is innervated by its own gamma motor neuron and is supplied by two types of afferent sensory terminals, the primary (annulospiral) endings and secondary (flower- spray) endings, both activated by stretch entwined with the collagen fibers in a tendon and monitors changes in muscle tension transmitted to golgi tendon organ the tendon Extrafusal muscle fibers comprise the bulk of muscle and form the major force- generating structure. intrafusal vs extrafusal muscle fibers Intrafusal muscle fibers are buried in the muscle, and they contain afferent receptors for stretch, but they also contain contractile elements. large (14 nm) branches to innervate extrafusal muscle fibers alpha motor neurons (Aa) a motor neuron + extrafusal fibers= Motor unit excites contraction of skeletal muscle fibers smaller (5 nm) and half as many Gamma motor neurons (Ay) innervates intrafusal muscle fibers controls muscle tone build around 3-12 intrafusal muscle fibers innervated by gamma motor neurons Muscle spindles (sensory receptors) extra attached to the extrafusal muscle fiber at each end info central portion has no actin or myosin (no contraction) and acts as the sensory receptor afferent is Aa (fastest in the body) https://quizlet.com/847691897/pathophysiology-ut-test-3-flash-cards/?funnelUUID=95baea80-76cf-4a83-9057-397e61c35227 10/21 11/6/24, 10:44 AM Pathophysiology UT Test 3 낱말 카드 | Quizlet encapsulated at the end of muscle fibers as they attach to tendon 10-15 extrafusal muscle fibers per single golgi tendon organ Golgi tendon organ (sensory receptor) extra info detects muscle tension Via Aa fibers (fastest) synapse on interneuron A fibers: (muscle spindles, tactile) Aa-fastest nerve fibers (transmit signal) C fibers: most temperature, aching pain, tickle, crude touch/pressure stretch (monosynaptic) flexor withdrawal reflex spinal cord reflexes crossed extensor reflex golgi tendon reflex autonomic typical reflex arc: 1. sensory neuron (detects stimulus) 2. interneurons (most often) can be excitatory or spinal reflexes (reflex arc) inhibitory 3. motor neurons (muscle contraction ) motor response descending "efferents" coactivate alpha and gamma motor neurons relaxed muscle to Monosynaptic stretch reflex contracted muscle with no spindle coactivation to contracted muscle with spindle coactivation https://quizlet.com/847691897/pathophysiology-ut-test-3-flash-cards/?funnelUUID=95baea80-76cf-4a83-9057-397e61c35227 11/21 11/6/24, 10:44 AM Pathophysiology UT Test 3 낱말 카드 | Quizlet 1. patellar tendon stretches your quadricep and stretches muscle spindles, activating them 2. activated muscle spindles send AP down their axons 3. impulse travels into spinal cord, synapses on a motor neurons 4. alpha motor neurons releases ACh at motor endplate knee jerk reflex 5. release of ACh causes muscle fibers of quadricep to contract total time: 50 milliseconds, too short for the brain to be involved. compare this to someone being asked to kick their leg at a touch to the knee which is voluntary nonreflexive and requires a greater amount of time performs this to gauge how much background excitation the brain is sending down to the spinal cord tapping patellar tendon with rubber mallet stretches the muscle spindles in the quadriceps femoris muscle patellar tendon reflex (stretch reflex) the resultant monosynaptic stretch reflex results in contraction of this extensor muscle, causing the characteristic knee-jerk response 1. stretching stimulates sensory receptor (muscle spindle) 2. sensory neuron excited muscle stretch reflex 3. within integrating center (spinal cord) sensory neuron activates motor neuron 4. motor neuron excited 5. effector (same muscle) contracts and relieves the stretching focuses the signal Lateral inhibition a) excitatory interneuron stimulates motor neuron to contract biceps Flexor withdrawal reflex b) inhibitory interneuron inhibit opposing muscle pair, the triceps c) divergent interneuron sends info to the brain https://quizlet.com/847691897/pathophysiology-ut-test-3-flash-cards/?funnelUUID=95baea80-76cf-4a83-9057-397e61c35227 12/21 11/6/24, 10:44 AM Pathophysiology UT Test 3 낱말 카드 | Quizlet compensation of the opposite limb to the flexor withdrawal reflex interneurons cross to the contralateral gray matter crossed extensor reflex and activate extensors and inhibit flexors (by reciprocal inhibition) delayed effect- which highlights the role of many interneurons 1. golgi tendon organs detect tension applied to a tendon 2. sensory neurons conduct action potentials to the spinal cord 3. sensory neurons synapse with inhibitory interneurons 4. inhibition of the alpha motor neurons causes muscle relaxation, relieving the Golgi tendon reflex tension applied to the tendon (muscle that relaxes is attached to the tendon to which tension is applied) entirely inhibitory lengthening rxn= protective equalizes contractile force striated muscle, voluntary bundles of long, thick, cylindrical, striated, contractile, multinucleated cells that extend the length of the muscle skeletal muscle location: attached to bones function: movement of body in relation to external environment striated muscle, involuntary interlinked net- work of short, slender, cylindrical, striated, branched, contractile cells connected cell cardiac muscle to cell by intercalated discs Location: wall of heart function: pumping of blood out of heart unstriated muscle, involuntary loose nework of short, slender, spindle-shaped, unstriated, contractile cells. arranged in sheets smooth muscle location: walls of hollow organs and tubes (ex: stomach and blood vessels) functions: movement of contents within hollow organs https://quizlet.com/847691897/pathophysiology-ut-test-3-flash-cards/?funnelUUID=95baea80-76cf-4a83-9057-397e61c35227 13/21 11/6/24, 10:44 AM Pathophysiology UT Test 3 낱말 카드 | Quizlet innervates skeletal muscle cells cell body of a motor neuron originates in the ventral horn of the spinal cord axon (somatic efferent fiber) exits through the ventral root and travels through a spinal nerve to the skeletal muscle it innervates when axon reaches a skeletal muscle, it divides motor neuron into many axon terminals, each of which forms a neuromuscular junction with a single muscle cell (muscle fiber) axon terminal within a neuromuscular junction further divides into fine branches, each of which ends in an enlarged terminal button muscle fibers innervated by a single axon terminal are dispersed throughout the muscle 1. AP propagated to the terminal 2. AP triggers the opening of voltage-gated Ca, Ca flows 3. Ca influx triggers the release of ACh via exocytosis 4. ACh diffuses across the synapse and binds with nicotinic ACh receptor on the motor end plate of the muscle cell membrane 5. binding of ACh to its receptor opens nonspecific cation channels, leading to a relatively large movement of Na+ into the muscle cell and a smaller movement of K+ outward Events at the neuromuscular junction 6. the influx of Na produces a depolarization called an end-plate potential. local current flow occurs between the depolarized end plate and the adjacent membrane 7. this local current flow opens voltage-gated Na channels in the adjacent membrane 8. the resultant Na entry drive the membrane potential to threshold, initiating an action potential, which is propagated throughout the muscle fiber 9. ACh is subsequently destroyed by acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme located on the motor end-plate membrane, AChesterase terminates the response https://quizlet.com/847691897/pathophysiology-ut-test-3-flash-cards/?funnelUUID=95baea80-76cf-4a83-9057-397e61c35227 14/21 11/6/24, 10:44 AM Pathophysiology UT Test 3 낱말 카드 | Quizlet muscle anatomy I bands A bands Striation appearance in muscles H zone M line myosin heads: 1. binds to active sites on the actin molecules to form cross-bridges 2. hinge region can bend and straighten during thick filament (myosin) contraction 3. are ATPase enzymes: activity that breaks down ATP releasing energy. Part of the energy is used to bend the hinge region of the myosin molecule during contraction A) relaxed: no cross-bridge binding because cross-bridge binding site on actin is physically covered by troponin-tropomyosin complex Thin filaments (actin) B) excited: muscle fiber is excited= Ca release released Ca binds with troponin, pulling troponin- tropomyosin complex aside to expose cross- bridge binding site. cross-bridge binding occurs. contraction is accomplished by thin filaments from the opposite sides of each sarcomere sliding sliding filament mechanism closer between the thick filaments stroking motion pulls the thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere Power stroke https://quizlet.com/847691897/pathophysiology-ut-test-3-flash-cards/?funnelUUID=95baea80-76cf-4a83-9057-397e61c35227 15/21 11/6/24, 10:44 AM Pathophysiology UT Test 3 낱말 카드 | Quizlet 1. binding: myosin cross-bridge binds to the actin molecule 2. Power stroke: cross-bridge bends, pulling thin myofilament 3. detachment: cross-bridge detaches at end of cross-bridge activity power stroke and returns to original conformation 4. binding: cross-bridge binds to more distal actin molecule; cycle repeats all six thin filaments surrounding each end of thick filament are pulled inward simultaneously through cross-bridge cycling during muscle contraction Transverse (T) tubules are membraneous, perpendicular extensions of the surface membrane that dig deep into the muscular fiber at the junctions between the A and I bands of the myofibrils where does Ca come from? Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is fine, membranous network that runs longitudinally and surrounds each myofibril, with separate segments encircling each A band and I band ends of each segment are expanded to form lateral sacs that lie next to the adjacent T tubules 1. AP at NMJ causes release of ACh, triggers AP in muscle fiber 2. AP moves across surface membrane into the interior through T tubules. APs in the T tubules trigger release of Ca from the SR 3. Ca binds to troponin on thin filaments Excitation-contraction coupling 4. tropomyosin shifts, reveals myosin cross-bridge sites 5. myosin cross-bridge attach 6. power stroke (ATP used) 7. cross-bridge detaches 8. when APs stop, Ca taken back up by SR. contraction stops thin filaments passively reset spread of AP down transverse tubules Ca release from SR Calcium as a link between excitation and ATP-powered cross-bridge cycling contraction rigor mortis and relaxation contractile activity far outlasts the electrical activity that initiated it https://quizlet.com/847691897/pathophysiology-ut-test-3-flash-cards/?funnelUUID=95baea80-76cf-4a83-9057-397e61c35227 16/21 11/6/24, 10:44 AM Pathophysiology UT Test 3 낱말 카드 | Quizlet transfer of high-energy phosphate from creatine phosphate to ADP Metabolic pathways producing ATP used oxidative phosphorylation (o2) fueled by glucose derived from muscle glycogen during muscle contraction/ relaxation stores or by glucose and fatty acids delivered by the blood glycolysis (o2) pyruvate converted to lactate muscle disorders: rhabdomyolysis Movement disorders: peripheral neuropathy ALS parkinson's disease muscle vs movement disorders tardive dyskinesia Both? myasthenia gravis Neither: Multiple sclerosis rare life-threatening muscle degeneration damage from overexertion, trauma, toxins, dehydration, medication/ drug interactions, prolonged bed rest muscle cell disintegration => myoglobin release high [myoglobin] => kidney failure and death Rhabdomyolysis damage mechanisms: compression, ischemia, and reperfusion physiological effect: Ca influx, decreased ATP production, increased neutrophil chemoattractants, and increased local PMN concentration cell death processes: neutral proteases, Ca-dependent phosphorylases, nucleases, lipid peroxidation https://quizlet.com/847691897/pathophysiology-ut-test-3-flash-cards/?funnelUUID=95baea80-76cf-4a83-9057-397e61c35227 17/21 11/6/24, 10:44 AM Pathophysiology UT Test 3 낱말 카드 | Quizlet symptoms: muscle soreness "myalgia" muscle weakness dark urine Biomarker (>11x creatine kinase in blood) Treatments: IV fluids Rhabdomyolysis symptoms, treatments, dialysis (if severe) eliminate cause and statin-induced risk factors Statin-induced rhabdomyolysis: risk factors: high dose female renal or hepatic insufficiency diabetes mellitus taking with other cytochrome p450 (3A4) inhibitors autoimmune disorder of neuromuscular transmission, that results in skeletal muscle weakness relatively rare: 31K-67K U.S. risk factors: family history of autoimmune disease (men>60 and women impaired NMJ transmission (80% of cases) Myasthenia Gravis (MG) pathophysiology and treatment Treatment: anti-cholinesterases immunosuppressants 2.3 mill affected worldwide diagnosis~ 15-45 yr risk factors: geography, age, environment, sex (2-3X>F) genetic: 100s of genes (30% casual) environement: Vitamin D deficiency, particular viral infection (EBV) smoking Multiple sclerosis (MS) high dietary sodium circadian disruption Diagnosis: diagnosis of exclusion no single test "2 episodes of neurological disturbance reflecting distinct sites of CNS damage that cannot be explained by another mechanism types: relapse remitting (RRMS) primary progressive (PPMS ~15%) primary symptoms: direct consequences of conduction disturbance. reflect what axons are damaged paresthesias (abnormal sensation of the skin; numbness, tingling, pricking) vision problems/ optic neuritis weakness psychological changes spasticity cognitive changes ataxia Multiple sclerosis (MS) symptoms gait problems and falls pain speech difficulty bowel/ bladder dysfunction sexual dysfunction Secondary symptoms (complications from primary): UTIs, respiratory infections, poor nutrition, depression Tertiary symptoms (impact of the disease on life): ex: depression; inability to work, social withdrawal https://quizlet.com/847691897/pathophysiology-ut-test-3-flash-cards/?funnelUUID=95baea80-76cf-4a83-9057-397e61c35227 19/21 11/6/24, 10:44 AM Pathophysiology UT Test 3 낱말 카드 | Quizlet inflammatory demyelinating disease of CNS white matter demyelination Multiple sclerosis (MS) pathophysiology oligodendrocyte loss white matter plaques with reactive gliosis mononuclear cell infiltration axonal loss umbrella term for >100 conditions that involve damage to the nerves of the PNS symptomatic or idiopathic many causes: diabetic (most common) Peripheral Neuropathy injury inflammatory toxins (excess alcohol use) ADR to some chemotherapies infections (ex: varicella-zoster, west nile, HSV, lyme disease, HIV) host of pharmacological approaches symptom severity progression and prognosis depend on the cause and type of nerve damaged ranges: mild to disabling loss of reflexes numbness Peripheral neuropathy symptoms tingling pain or problems with sensations (ex: feeling changes in temperature or touch) classifications: -predominantly motor (muscle weakness or atrophy, cramps, twitching) -sensory (loss of somatosensation, typically hands/ feet) -sensory-motor -autonomic (excess sweating, heat intolerance, GI symptoms, BP) "Lou Gherig's Disease" rapidly progressing, fatal motor neuron disease death w/ in 5 years; respiratory muscle failure 50% have deficits in cognitive function Amytrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) genetic? only 5-10% risk factors: toxin exposure + strenuous activity?? veterans? smoking? athletes? *no known cause or treatment or cure https://quizlet.com/847691897/pathophysiology-ut-test-3-flash-cards/?funnelUUID=95baea80-76cf-4a83-9057-397e61c35227 20/21 11/6/24, 10:44 AM Pathophysiology UT Test 3 낱말 카드 | Quizlet motor symptoms: muscle weakness spasticity (increased rigidity of muscles) dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing food or liquid) ALS symptoms dysarthria (difficulty in speech) non-motor symptoms: cognitive impairements ADVERTISEMENT https://quizlet.com/847691897/pathophysiology-ut-test-3-flash-cards/?funnelUUID=95baea80-76cf-4a83-9057-397e61c35227 21/21