Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology PDF

Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology JESSIAH JOY E. SEGISMUNDO, RMT INSTRUCTOR  Human Anatomy & Physiology q Course code: HAPP111 q Descriptive Title: Human Anatomy and Physiology with Path...

Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology JESSIAH JOY E. SEGISMUNDO, RMT INSTRUCTOR  Human Anatomy & Physiology q Course code: HAPP111 q Descriptive Title: Human Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology qPre-requisite: NONE qCredit Unit/s: 5 units (3 units Lecture, 2 units Laboratory) qContact Hours: 3 hours Lecture qInstructor: Jessiah Joy E. Segismundo, RMT JJES, RMT Grading system LECTURE: (60%) LAB ORATORY: (40%) 20% Prelim Examination 20% Prelim Examination 20% Midterm Examination 20% Midterm Examination 20% Final Examination 20% Final Examination 35% Performance Tasks 35% Performance Tasks 5% Research 5% Manual NOTE: PASSING GRADE: 60% 60% OF THE TOTAL GRADE WILL BE COMING FROM LECTURE 40% FROM THE LABORATORY JJES, RMT OBJECTIVES Define accurately anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology Identify completely the use of anatomical position and anatomical terms in the study of anatomy and physiology Discuss systematically the levels of structural organization of the body stating from chemical up to organism level Summarize chronologically the 11 systems of the body and their functions to maintain homeostasis Illustrate clearly the different mechanisms of the body in maintaining homeostatic balance JJES, RMT Anatomy: Definition ANATOMY It comes from the Greek word meaning “cut up” (ana = up, tomy = process of cutting) study the internal and external structures of the body and their relationships. It is the science of body structures and the relationships among them. It was first studied by Dissection- the careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships. JJES, RMT Branches of Anatomy GROSS ANATOMY- macroscopic, can be seen by the eye and can be studied without the use of the microscope REGIONAL ANATOMY- the study of the different regions in the body such as the head and neck SYSTEMIC ANATOMY- study of the specific systems of the body such as the digestive, reproductive, nervous, integumentary, musculoskeletal system, etc. MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY- studies the cell and molecular level by the use of microscope because it cannot be seen by the naked eye. CYTOLOGY: study of cells HISTOLOGY: study of tissues HISTOPATHOLOGY: study of tissues to identify the cause of disease JJES, RMT Subdivisions of Anatomy EMBRYOLOGICAL ANATOMY OR EMBRYOLOGY- study of prenatal development, the first 8 weeks of development after fertilization of a human being. DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY- study of human growth and development from fertilized egg to mature adult to death. CELL ANATOMY- study of cell structure RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY/RADIOLOGY- study of structures of the body using X-rays and other noninvasive imaging techniques PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY- studies the structural changes that are associated with the disease (macroscopic to microscopic) JJES, RMT  Human Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology It is the study of the form and functions of the human body and their characteristics and the functional changes happening due to disease and aging JJES, RMT The Anatomical Position The subject stands erect facing the observer, with the head level and the eyes facing directly forward. The feet are flat on the floor and directed forward, and the upper limbs are at the sides with the palms turned forward 5 MAJOR REGIONS: 1. HEAD 2. NECK 3. TRUNK 4. UPPER LIMB 5. LOWER LIMB JJES, RMT Directional terms JJES, RMT Directional terms JJES, RMT Planes and Sections Sagittal plane- ”arrow”, a vertical plane that divides the body into left and right sides Midsagittal plane or median plane- when such plane passes through the midline of the body or is divided into an equal parts of left and right sides. Parasagittal plane- when the body is divided into an unequal part of left and right sides. Frontal/coronal plane- divides the body or an organ into anterior(front) and posterior (back) portions Transverse plane- divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions; aka cross- sectional or horizontal plane Oblique plane- passes through the body into an oblique angle JJES, RMT Body Cavities BODY CAVITIES- are spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs JJES, RMT Abdominopelvic regions and quadrants JJES, RMT JJES, RMT Major abdominopelvic organs JJES, RMT Physiology: Definition PHYSIOLOGY It comes from the Greek word for the “study of nature” (physio = nature; logy = study of) study of how the structure of these organism perform their functions It is the science of body functions—how the body parts work. “Functions” SUBSPECIALTIES OF PHYSIOLOGY NEUROPHYSIOLOGY– study of functional properties of nerve cells. ENDOCRINOLOGY– study of hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions. CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY– study of functions of the heart and blood vessels JJES, RMT  IMMUNOLOGY– study of the body’s defense against disease- causing agents RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY– study of functions of the air passageways and lungs RENAL PHYSIOLOGY– study of the functions of the kidneys PATHOPHYSIOLOGY– study of the functional changes associated with disease and aging. LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION 1. CHEMICAL LEVEL- atoms, molecules & compounds 2. CELLULAR LEVEL 3. TISSUE LEVEL 4. ORGAN LEVEL 5. ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL 6. ORGANISM LEVEL JJES, RMT Levels of Structural Organization 1. CHEMICAL LEVEL A. Atoms ◦ At the simplest level, the body is composed of atoms (indivisible) ◦ the basic and smallest unit of all matter. (eg. Oxygen atom) B. Molecules ◦ Combination of two or more atoms. Eg. Oxygen atom + Oxygen atom = Oxygen molecule (O), Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Phosphorus (P), Calcium (Ca), DNA, etc. C. Compounds ◦ A molecule containing atoms of more than one element. (eg. Water (H2O), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Carbohydrates, Proteins and Lipids JJES, RMT Levels of Structural Organization 2. CELLULAR LEVEL/CELLS ◦ Smallest independent units of life ◦ Basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals ◦ Cells vary in size from a sperm (about 5 um) long to a nerve cell with thin fibers (maybe a meter long). eg. Muscle cells, Nerve cells, Epithelial cells 3. TISSUE LEVEL/TISSUES ◦ Made up of many similar cells that perform a specific function. ◦ Four basic types of tissues: Epithelial, Connective, Nervous, Muscular Tissues JJES, RMT Levels of Structural Organization FOUR (4) BASIC TYPES OF TISSUES EPITHELIAL TISSUES– covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities, and forms glands. CONNECTIVE TISSUES– connects, supports, and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues. NERVOUS TISSUES– carries information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses. MUSCULAR TISSUES– contracts to make body parts move and generate heat. JJES, RMT Levels of Structural Organization 4. ORGAN LEVEL/ORGANS ◦ Tissues that are joined together ◦ structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues ◦ they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes ◦ eg. stomach, skin, bones, heart, liver, lungs, and brain 5. SYSTEM LEVEL/SYSTEMS/ORGAN SYSTEM ◦ consists of related organs with a common function. ◦ eg. Digestive system, which breaks down and absorbs food. Its organs include the mouth, salivary glands, pharynx (throat), esophagus (food tube), stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. JJES, RMT 5. Organ Systems in the Body A. Muscular System G. Urinary System B. Nervous System H. Reproductive System C. Endocrine System I. Skeletal System D. Cardiovascular System J. Integumentary System E. Lymphatic System K. Digestive System F. Respiratory System JJES, RMT 5. Organ Systems in the Body A. MUSCULAR SYSTEM COMPONENTS: Specifically, skeletal muscle tissue – muscle usually attached to the bones. FUNCTIONS: Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat. Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons. JJES, RMT 5. Organ Systems in the Body B. NERVOUS SYSTEM COMPONENTS: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs, such as eyes and ears. FUNCTIONS: A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiologic processes, and intellectual functions. Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors. JJES, RMT 5. Organ Systems in the Body C. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM COMPONENTS: Hormone-producing glands such as the penial gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, and pancreas. Some hormone-producing cells in several organs. FUNCTIONS: A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions. JJES, RMT 5. Organ Systems in the Body D. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM COMPONENTS: Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. FUNCTIONS: Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature. JJES, RMT 5. Organ Systems in the Body E. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY COMPONENTS: Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, other lymphatic organs, and cells that carry out immune responses (B cells and T cells) FUNCTIONS: Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and transports fats from the digestive tract. JJES, RMT 5. Organ Systems in the Body F. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM COMPONENTS: Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages. FUNCTIONS: Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH. JJES, RMT 5. Organ Systems in the Body G. URINARY SYSTEM COMPONENTS: Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine. FUNCTIONS: Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance. JJES, RMT 5. Organ Systems in the Body H. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM COMPONENTS: FEMALE: Consists of the ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands, and associated structures. MALE: Consists of the testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis. FUNCTIONS: FEMALE: Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors. MALE: Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors. JJES, RMT 5. Organ Systems in the Body I. SKELETAL SYSTEM COMPONENTS Consists of bones, associated cartilage, ligaments, and joints. FUNCTIONS: Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and fat. JJES, RMT 5. Organ Systems in the Body J. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM COMPONENTS: Consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands. FUNCTIONS: Provides protection, regulates temperature, reduces water loss, and produces vitamin D precursors. JJES, RMT 5. Organ Systems in the Body K. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM COMPONENTS: Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs. FUNCTIONS: Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes. JJES, RMT Levels of Structural Organization 6. ORGANISM Any living individual. All the parts of the human body functioning together constitute the total organism. JJES, RMT Basic Life Processes 1. METABOLISM– the sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body. A. Catabolism– the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components. B. Anabolism– the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components 2. RESPONSIVENESS– is the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes. 3. MOVEMENT– includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and tiny structures inside cells. 4. GROWTH–an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both. 5. DIFFERENTIATION– is the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state 6. REPRODUCTION– refers either to (1) the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or (2) the production JJES, RMT Homeostasis “unchanging sameness”, “staying the same”. (homeo = sameness, stasis = standing still) The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment that is essential to life. Is the condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes. HOMEOSTASIS AND BODY FLUIDS Intracellular Fluid (ICF)– fluid within cells Extracellular Fluid (ECF)– fluid outside body cells a. Interstitial fluid - ECF that fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissues. b. Blood plasma– ECF within blood vessels c. Lymph fluid– ECF within lymphatic vessels d. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)– ECF in and around the brain and spinal cord e. Synovial Fluid– ECF in the joints f. Aqueous humor and Vitreous body– ECF in the eyes JJES, RMT The Feedback System/Mechanism The body can regulate its internal environment through many feedback mechanisms. The feedback system or feedback loop is a cycle of events in which the status of the body's condition is being monitored, evaluated, changed, re-monitored, reevaluated, and so on. 3 COMPONENTS OF THE FEEDBACK MECHANISM: 1. RECEPTOR- a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center; this pathway is also called an afferent pathway. 2. CONTROL CENTER– receives the input and sends nerve impulses to the effector 3. EFFETOR– is a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition JJES, RMT The Feedback System/Mechanism JJES, RMT Positive feedback system/mechanism A positive feedback system tends to strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions. Effectors respond by exaggerating or enhancing the stimulus Typically used to deal with threat or stress Rare in healthy individuals. Normal childbirth provides a good example of a positive feedback system JJES, RMT Negative feedback system/mechanism Reverses the change in controlled condition. An effector activated by control center that opposes the stimulus Eg. Body temperature When it is too hot- sweat to cold When it is too cold- shiver to heat JJES, RMT  Thank you for listening, future RMTs! 🧡 JJES, RMT