Pathology Summaries PDF
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This document provides summaries of various pathology topics, including stroke, infarction, neurodegenerative diseases, and meningitis. It includes detailed causes, features, and evolution of these conditions. Numerous tables and diagrams support the explanations.
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[[Stroke]](#stroke) [[Neurodegenerative diseases]](#neurodegenerative-diseases) [[Meningitis]](#meningitis) Table covering all cranial nerves and lesions: [[https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LBj\_RN\_\_rx\_MlQkyDPtJtIOpn6CApdKuOqiYVzmdmYs/edit]](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LBj_RN__rx_M...
[[Stroke]](#stroke) [[Neurodegenerative diseases]](#neurodegenerative-diseases) [[Meningitis]](#meningitis) Table covering all cranial nerves and lesions: [[https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LBj\_RN\_\_rx\_MlQkyDPtJtIOpn6CApdKuOqiYVzmdmYs/edit]](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LBj_RN__rx_MlQkyDPtJtIOpn6CApdKuOqiYVzmdmYs/edit) Stroke ------ "*An abnormality of the brain of acute onset caused by a pathological process affecting blood vessels*". ### Infarction **Causes of infarction** - - - - - - **[Clinical features of cerebral infarctions:]** - - - - - - **[Evolution of Infarction]** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Time** | **Macroscopic** | **Microscopic** | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | 12 - 24 H | None | 'Red Neurons' | | | | | | | | Few Neutrophils | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 2 - 3 D | Blurring of | Liquefaction (lipid | | | grey/white matter | laden macrophages) | | | junction | | | | | Reactive Astrocytes | | | Severe oedema | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 10 - 21 D | Oedema decreased | Gliosis | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | M - Y | Thin-walled cyst | Cyst with glial | | | | fibres | | | Thickened meninges | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **[Molecular events in Cerebral Ischaemia]** - - - - - - - \> Don't forget lactic acidosis due to anaerobic metabolism from ischaemia +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Type** | **Diagram** | | | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | **Transient | Causes | - - | | | Ischaemic | | | | | Attack** | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | - - - | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Thrombotic | Causes | - | | | infarction** | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | - | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Embolic | Causes | - - - | | | infarction** | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | - - - | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Lacunar | Causes | - - |  | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | - - - - | | | | | - | | | | | | | | | | - | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Global | Ischaemia | - - - | | | injury** | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | Hypoxia | - | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | - - - | | | | | | | | | | - - | | | | | | | | | | - - | | | | | | | | | | - - | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ ### Haemorrhage - +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Type** | **Diagram** | | | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | **Extradural** | Causes | - - - |  | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | - - - - | | | | | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Subdural** | Causes | - - | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | Acute | - - | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | Chronic | - - | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Subarachnoid* | Causes | - - |  | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | [Berry | | | | | Aneurysms]{.und | | | | | erline}: | | | | | | | | | | - - - - | | | | | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Intracerebral | Causes | - - - | | | ** | | | | | | | | | |  | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | - - | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | [Consequences]{ | | | | |.underline}: | | | | | | | | | | Increased ICP | | | | | | | | | | - - - | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ Neurodegenerative diseases -------------------------- +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | ### **Alzheimer's DIsease (AD)** | | +===================================+===================================+ | **Epidemiology** | 30 million worldwide, 250 000 | | | Australians | | | | | | 10% over 65, 50% over 85 | | | | | | Most common form of dementia | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Pathophysiology** | - - - - | | | | | | - - - - | | | | | | [Amyloid Beta | | | Plaques]: | | | | | | - - - - | | | | | |  | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Clinical Signs and Symptoms** | - | | | | | | In frontotemporal dementia | | | personality changes occurs first | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Diagnosis** | - - | | | | | | Also importance of MMSE | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Treatment** | No cure but symptomatic: | | | | | | - - | | | | | | - - | | | | | | Disease-Modifying | | | | | | - - | | | | | | - - - | | | | | | - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | ### **Parkinson's Dis | | | | ease (PD)** | | | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | **Epidemiology** | - - - - | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Pathology** | Aetiology | - - | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Pathophys | - - | | | | | | | | - - | | | | | | | | - | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Clinical Signs and | Cardinal Symptoms: | | | Symptoms** | | | | | - - - - | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Treatment** |  | | | | | | | | - - - - | | | | | | | | - | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ Meningitis ---------- +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Meningitis** | | | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | **Risk factors** | Young children \
