Hepatitis PDF

Hepatitis Wikimedia Commons, 2025 1. Introduction Hepatitis Acute Chronic Fulminant Etiology Viral Autoimmune Toxic Wikimedia Commons, 2025 Epidemiology 2. Type of Viral Hepatitis Hepatitis A (HAV) Hepatitis B (HBV) Hepatitis C (HCV) Hepat...

Hepatitis Wikimedia Commons, 2025 1. Introduction Hepatitis Acute Chronic Fulminant Etiology Viral Autoimmune Toxic Wikimedia Commons, 2025 Epidemiology 2. Type of Viral Hepatitis Hepatitis A (HAV) Hepatitis B (HBV) Hepatitis C (HCV) Hepatitis D (HDV) Hepatitis E (HEV) Canada 2022 World Health Organization National Notifiable Disease Reporting System of Health Canada 3. Pathogenesis of Viral Hepatitis The hepatocytes may be damaged by: Direct action of virus Cell-mediated immune response Acute hepatitis Destruction of hepatocytes Necrosis (liver functions) Resolution – regeneration – normal function Chronic hepatitis Wikimedia Commons, 2025 Commonly asymptomatic Severe destruction of hepatocytes Chronic inflammation – fibrosis – cirrhosis & liver failure 4. Hepatitis A Acute, self-limiting infection HAV; non-enveloped ssRNA virus Transmission Fecal-oral route In feces 2 weeks prior symptoms and 1 week after jaundice Clinical manifestations Vaccine available 5. Hepatitis B HBV (highly infectious enveloped) Antigens can be measured in blood Transmission Perinatal Percutaneous Sexual Greatest risk 2 weeks before symptoms Wikimedia Commons, 2024 Virus infects liver, excreted via bile into feces Clinical manifestations (acute) Incubation – 60 to 90 days Anorexia, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, jaundice (30% to 50%) Most adults recover within 6 months 15-25% develop chronic liver disease Vaccine available 6. Hepatitis C HCV, enveloped ssRNA virus Transmission: Blood transfusion (before 90s) Contaminated needles Sexual (less common) Incubation- 2 to 26 weeks 60% to 70% are asymptomatic Wikimedia Commons, 2024 Symptoms Anorexia, malaise, fatigue, abdominal pain and jaundice 60% to 85% develop chronic hepatitis C 10% to 20% with chronic hepatitis develop cirrhosis 1% to 5% develop hepatocellular carcinoma No vaccine 7. Hepatitis D (Delta) HDV, defective enveloped ssRNA virus Acquired at same time (co-infection) or in existing HBV infection Transmission doi:10.3390/pathogens4010046. Blood infectious E.g., contaminated needles Co-infection may cause severe disease/fulminant hepatitis 8. Hepatitis E HEV, ssRNA virus Transmission Fecal-oral route Acute self-limiting infection Risk: pregnant women, immunosuppressed individuals Uncommon in North America 9. Diagnosis and Lab Findings Serum hepatitis profile Serum liver enzymes ALT and AST ALP and GGT Other liver function tests Albumin Prothrombin time (PT) Wikimedia Commons, 2025 Bilirubin Liver biopsy 10. Management and Prevention Treatment Supportive Interferon injections Liver transplant Prevention: Immunization, education Pixabay.com