Human Anatomy PDF

HUMAN ANATOMY OSOL ALDEEN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE FIRST GRADE DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY GRADE  Human Anatomy Anatomy is the branch of biology concerned with the structure of organisms and their parts. It is a foundational science in medicine and pharmacy, providing...

HUMAN ANATOMY OSOL ALDEEN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE FIRST GRADE DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY GRADE  Human Anatomy Anatomy is the branch of biology concerned with the structure of organisms and their parts. It is a foundational science in medicine and pharmacy, providing the structural basis for understanding how drugs interact with the body. Levels of Organization: The human body is organized at various levels, from the simplest to the most complex: 1. Chemical Level: Atoms combine to form molecules, which are the building blocks of cells. 2. Cellular Level: Cells are the basic structural and functional units of the body. Different types of cells perform specific functions. 3. Tissue Level: Similar cells group together to form tissues with specialized functions. There are four primary types of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. 4. Organ Level: Organs are composed of two or more types of tissues working together to perform specific functions. For example, the heart is an organ composed of muscle tissue, connective tissue, and nervous tissue. 5. Organ System Level: Organ systems consist of multiple organs that work together to carry out a particular function. Examples include the digestive system, respiratory system, and circulatory system. 6. Organism Level: All the organ systems together form an organism, in this case, the human body.  Major Organ Systems o Integumentary System: This system includes the skin, hair, nails, and glands. It protects the body from external threats and regulates temperature. o Skeletal System: Comprising bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons, the skeletal system provides support, protection, and movement for the body. o Muscular System: Muscles, tendons, and ligaments make up the muscular system, responsible for movement, stability, and heat generation. o Nervous System: The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs. It controls and coordinates bodily functions and responds to internal and external stimuli. o Endocrine System: This system includes glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands, which produce hormones regulating various physiological processes. o Cardiovascular System: Comprising the heart and blood vessels, the cardiovascular system transports nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. o Respiratory System: The respiratory system facilitates the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment through breathing. o Digestive System: Organs like the stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas work together to break down food, absorb nutrients, and eliminate waste. o Urinary System: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra make up the urinary system, which filters blood, eliminates waste, and regulates electrolyte balance. o Reproductive System: This system is responsible for the production of offspring and includes organs such as the ovaries, testes, and associated structures. Regions of human body  The Language of Anatomy The anatomical position The anatomical position is a fixed position of the body (cadaver) taken as if the body is standing (erect) looking forward with the upper limbs hanging by the side, the palms facing forwards & the feet kept side by side. The importance of applying this position is to keep the position of a certain body structure and its relation to other structures constant whether the body is in the anatomical position or any other positions. The other positions are: The supine position: the body is lying on the back. The prone position: the body is lying on the face.  Anterior: is nearer the front of the body. In the trunk it may be replaced by ventral. In the hand it is replaced by palmar. Posterior: nearer the back. In the trunk & in the hand it is replaced by dorsal. Superior: is nearer the head. In the trunk it is replaced by cephalic or cranial. Inferior: is nearer the feet. In the trunk it is replaced by caudal and in the feet by plantar. Proximal: is nearer the root of a structure (usually the root of a limb or vessel) e.g. the arm is proximal to the hand. Distal: is away from the root of the structure e.g. the hand is distal to the arm. Medial: is nearer the midline of the body. In the forearm it is replaced by ulnar and in the leg by tibial. Lateral: is away from the midline. In the forearm it may be replaced by radial and in the leg by fibular.  Superficial: is nearer the skin. Deep: is away from the skin. Middle: (medius) indicates a position between superior & inferior or anterior & posterior. Intermediate: usually describes a position between medial & lateral Internal & External: are used to describe structures nearer or away from the interior of the body; respectively e.g. muscles are internal to the skin but external to bones. The terms are usually used to describe the position of a structure in relation to the wall of an organ, cavity or region e.g. internal iliac artery (inside the pelvis). Just like the points of the compass, the above terms can be combined e.g. anteromedial, posteroinferior, superolateral.....etc.  A. The median sagittal plane: is the vertical plane that divides the body into apparently 2 equal halves, right & left. (Apparently: because some inner structures are not present on both sides of the body). The anterior edge of the plane is the anterior median line while its posterior edge is the posterior median line. The paramedian (parasagittal) planes are planes running parallel to the median plane (to the right & to the left). Medial, lateral & intermediate are arranged around this plane.  B. The coronal (Frontal) plane: is a vertical plane lying at right angle to the median plane dividing the body into front & back parts. Anterior & posterior are arranged around this plane. C. The transverse (Horizontal) plane: lies at right angles to both the median & coronal planes and divides the body into upper & lower parts. Superior & inferior are arranged around this plane.  Unilateral Bilateral Ipsilateral Contralateral Abdominal pelvic Quadrants  Abdominal pelvic Quadrants § The left lower quadrant (LLQ) The descending colon and sigmoid colon, the left ovary and fallopian tube, the left ureter The left upper quadrant (LUQ) Stomach, Spleen, Left lobe of liver, Body of pancreas, Left kidney and adrenal gland, Splenic flexure of colon, Parts of transverse and descending colon The right upper quadrant (RUQ) Liver, Gall bladder with biliary tree, Duodenum, Head of pancreas, Right kidney and adrenal gland, Hepatic flexure of colon The right lower quadrant (RLQ) Cecum, Appendix, Ascending colon, Right ovary and fallopian tube, Right ureter Abdominal pelvic regions Abdominal pelvic regions