Reproductive and Urinary System Reviewer PDF

Lesson 8: Reproductive and Urinary System Urinary system - composed of the ff: (kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra) Kidney - has 2 kinds (unilobar & multilobar). Unilobar only has one renal papilla and a smooth surface. Multilobar has multiple renal papilla and is further divided into (smooth...

Lesson 8: Reproductive and Urinary System Urinary system - composed of the ff: (kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra) Kidney - has 2 kinds (unilobar & multilobar). Unilobar only has one renal papilla and a smooth surface. Multilobar has multiple renal papilla and is further divided into (smooth and lobated surface) Unilobar - present in dogs, cats, horses, and small ruminants Multilobar - pigs have smooth while large ruminants have lobated surface *Always remember R is always higher than L except in pigs Fibrous capsule - the outer covering of the kidney Renal cortex - outer layer of the insides of the kidney, darker color, and has a granular appearance Renal medulla - inner layer of the kidney, lighter color, and has a striated appearance Renal crest - ridge from the complete fusion of the pyramids. Border of the renal pelvis Renal calyx - cup-shaped structure. Receives urine from the renal papillae Renal sinus - opening of the ureter. Space where ureter, blood vessels, and nerves can be seen Renal hilus - opening to the sinus Renal pelvis - the mushroom-shaped, proximal end of the ureter Nephron - functional unit of the kidney - Composed of afferent* (entrance of blood) and efferent arterioles* (exit of blood), glomerulus*, bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), vasa recta*, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule (DCT), and lastly collecting duct *connected with each other Afferent - wide Efferent - narrow Nephron - filters blood from the urine Glomerulus - bundle of capillaries located in the nephron. Together with Bowman’s capsule it is called malpighian capsule/body Trigone - an imaginary triangle, sensitive to expansion Urethral opening is in the middle Detrusor - main muscle of the bladder Urogenital diaphragm - located between the symphysis pubis and ischial tuberosities Internal urethral sphincter - controls the involuntary urine flow External - voluntary Male reproductive - composed of paired testes, convoluted ducts of the epididymis, deferent duct, urethra, and accessory glands Testes - produces both sperm and hormones - Classified between subanal (cats), perineal (pigs), and inguinal (dogs, horses, and ruminants) - Connective tissues are tunica albiginea (white tunic) - strong white capsule enveloping the testes, mediastinum testis - runs through the middle testicle, contains rete testis, and lobules - contains few seminiferous tubules, separated by septa - Parenchyma of testes: seminiferous tubules - hollow structures, rete testis - irregular interconnecting channels, helps move sperm, efferent duct - 8 - 15 channels leading into epididymis, epididymis - adjacent to the testes Epididymis - stores spermatozoa during maturation Accessory glands - drains into the urethra, contributes to the volume of semen. Only ampullary and prostate gland Distal part of urethra - forms the path of both sperm and urine Penis - copulatory organ Scrotum - covering of the testes, composed of multiple layers, muscle is called dartos Penis - divided into vascular or fibroelastic Vascular - contains more erectile tissue, both diameter and length increases - Dogs, cats, and horses have this Fibroelastic - contains more connective tissue, only length increases Female reproductive - composed of paired ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus and vagina. Ovaries - produce female gametes and hormones, posses both gametogenic and endocrine function Uterine tubes - captures the ova and coveys to the uterus Vagina - copulatory organ Vestibule - Birth canal and urine passageway The vestibule is divided into two: monotocous (one offspring per gestation) (ex: mares, humans, and cows) and polytocous (multiple offspring per gestation)(ex: bitch, queen, and sow) Parenchymatous zone - follicles are located Medulla - blood vessels are located Hymen - it is the mucosal folds found in the vulva Lesson 10: Neuroanatomy The nervous system is divided into central (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (cranial and spinal nerves) Brain - during embryonic development the brain is divided into 5 divisions: telencephalon (cerebrum), metencephalon (cerebellum and pons), mesencephalon (midbrain), diencephalon, myelencephalon (medulla oblongata) - Once mature it is now divided into 3 major regions: cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem Gyrus / Gyri - outward folds Sulcus - shallow groove Longitudinal fissure - division of the two hemispheres Corpus callosum (white matter) - passes along information between hemispheres Rostral commissure (white matter) - connects the rhinencephalic structures (involved in smell and emotions) Gray matter - contains neuron cell bodies White matter - Fat in the myelin, covers the nerve fibers Telencephalon (cerebrum) - Largest part of the brain, carries out higher brain functions, interprets sensory inputs, initiate voluntary skeletal muscular movements, and stores memory There are 5 lobes in each hemisphere: frontal (primary somatosensory cortex: pain, touch, and temperature), parietal (same as frontal), occipital (primary visual), temporal (primary auditory), piriform (primary olfactory) Ansate sulcus - demarcation between frontal and parietal lobe Suprasylvian sulcus - demarcation between temporal and occipital lobe The distemper virus kills olfactory receptor cells. Chronic rhinitis - inflammation of the mucous membrane Hippocampus - important in learning and processing memory Hippocampal formation - transfer from short-term memory to long. If both sides are damaged (bilateral hippocampal lesions) it can cause anterograde amnesia (inability to create new memories) Rabies - an autonomous disease that can be transferred via the bite of an infected animal. Neurons of the infected animal show Negri bodies. Limbic system - involved in brain function, emotion, and behavior. Composed of thalamus, amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and olfactory bulb. Diencephalon - Gives rise to the optic nerve, divided into thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. Thalamus - major relay station, integrates motor and sensory signals. Lateral geniculate nucleus - Processes visual signals. Connected to the visual reflex center (rostral colliculus) Medial geniculate nucleus - Processes auditory signals. Connected to the auditory reflex center (caudal colliculus) Hypothalamus - regulates emotion, sleep, eating, drinking, and sexual behavior. Control the ANS (maintains homeostasis of the body) Pineal gland - caudodorsal to the thalamus. Regulates gonadal functions Mesencephalon (midbrain) - composed of four colliculi: superior colliculi (contains visual reflex center) and inferior colliculi (contains auditory reflex center) Crus cerebri - carry motor signals to the body Oculomotor nerve - medial to the crus cerebri Pons - bulge between midbrain and medulla oblongata Cerebellum - second largest division of the brain. Coordinates subconscious and conscious skeletal muscle movement. Comprised of vermis (central part), cerebellar cortex (outer layer of gray matter), folia (laminae at the surface of cerebellum), and arbor vitae (tree of life) Myelencephalon (medulla oblongata) - Three vital reflexes are: cardiac centers (regulate the strength and rate of heart contraction), vasomotor centers (regulates diameter of blood vessels), respiratory centers (regulates rhythm of breathing) Fasciculus cuneatus - carries signals for touch, pressure, and proprioception Fasciculus gracilis - transmit signals from cutaneous mechanoreceptors such as Merkel’s corpuscles (for touch and pressure) and Pacinian corpuscles (for vibration) Ventricular system - The brain has 4 ventricles. Responsible for secretion of CSF - Lateral ventricle (filled with CSF), Third ventricle (surrounded by the diencephalon), Fourth ventricle (located between the medulla and cerebellum) Meninges - connective tissues covering the brain and spinal cord. The 3 layers are piameter (deepest of the meninges), arachnoid (middle layer, web-like appearance), durameter (outer layer) Circle of WIllis - blood supply of the brain. The main vessels are internal carotid arteries (paired), anterior cerebral arteries (paired), posterior cerebral arteries (paired), anterior communicating arteries (unpaired), posterior communicating arteries (paired) Spinal cord - composed of spinal nerve (carries sensory impulse), dorsal root (sensory root), dorsal root ganglion (contains afferent/sensory neurons), ventral root (contains efferent/motor neurons) Lesson 11: Eyes and Ears Tapetum lucidum - reflective layer behind the retina. Grants them night vision. Why their eyes glows The average dog has a field vision of around 240 - 250 degrees. This is 60 - 70 degrees greater than humans Dogs can see color but mostly in yellows and blues