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Questions and Answers
What role does the epididymis play in the male reproductive system?
Which statement accurately describes the function of the internal urethral sphincter?
What type of reproductive organ is the penis classified as in male mammals?
Which type of tissue is more prevalent in the fibroelastic penis?
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What is the main muscle responsible for bladder contraction?
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Which structure in the urinary system serves as the opening for the ureter?
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What distinguishes unilobar kidneys from multilobar kidneys?
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Which of the following statements about the nephron is correct?
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Which type of kidney is found in pigs?
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What is the outer covering of the kidney called?
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What structure is primarily responsible for producing female gametes and hormones?
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Which part of the brain is involved in higher brain functions and sensory interpretation?
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What is the primary function of the hippocampus?
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What type of lobe is primarily responsible for auditory processing?
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What distinguishes the parenchymatous zone from the medulla in ovaries?
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What condition results from bilateral hippocampal lesions?
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Which structure connects the two hemispheres of the brain?
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What is the role of the hymen in the female reproductive system?
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Which part of the brain primarily regulates emotions and behaviors such as eating and drinking?
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What is the main function of the thalamus in the brain?
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Which component of the brain is responsible for processing visual signals?
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Which structure is primarily involved in regulating the rhythm of breathing?
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Which part of the brain contains the visual reflex center?
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What is the primary function of the fasciculus gracilis?
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Which layer of the meninges has a web-like appearance?
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Which structure serves as the blood supply network of the brain?
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Study Notes
Urinary System
- Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
- Kidneys can be unilobar or multilobar.
- Unilobar has one renal papilla and a smooth surface.
- Multilobar has multiple renal papilla and can be either smooth or lobated.
- Unilobar kidneys are found in dogs, cats, horses, and small ruminants.
- Multilobar kidneys are found in pigs (smooth) and large ruminants (lobated).
- In most species, the right kidney is higher than the left, except in pigs.
- Kidney components:
- Fibrous capsule: outer covering.
- Renal cortex: outer layer, darker color, granular appearance.
- Renal medulla: inner layer, lighter color, striated appearance.
- Renal crest: ridge from fused pyramids, borders the renal pelvis.
- Renal calyx: cup-shaped structure, receives urine from renal papillae.
- Renal sinus: space containing ureter, blood vessels, and nerves.
- Renal hilus: opening to the sinus.
- Renal pelvis: mushroom-shaped proximal end of the ureter.
- Nephron: functional unit of the kidney.
- Composed of afferent and efferent arterioles, glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), vasa recta, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule (DCT), and collecting duct.
- Afferent arteriole is wider than efferent arteriole.
- Glomerulus: bundle of capillaries in the nephron.
- Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule together form the Malpighian capsule/body.
- Urinary bladder:
- Trigone: imaginary triangle, sensitive to expansion.
- Urethral opening: located in the middle of the trigone.
- Detrusor: main muscle of the bladder.
- Urogenital diaphragm: located between the symphysis pubis and ischial tuberosities.
- Internal urethral sphincter: controls involuntary urine flow.
- External urethral sphincter: controls voluntary urine flow.
Male Reproductive System
- Composed of paired testes, convoluted ducts of the epididymis, deferent duct, urethra, and accessory glands.
- Testes: produce sperm and hormones.
- Classified as subanal (cats), perineal (pigs), and inguinal (dogs, horses, ruminants).
- Connective tissues:
- Tunica albiginea (white tunic): strong white capsule enveloping the testes.
- Mediastinum testis: runs through the middle of the testicle, contains rete testis.
- Lobules: contain seminiferous tubules, separated by septa.
- Parenchyma of testes:
- Seminiferous tubules: hollow structures.
- Rete testis: irregular interconnecting channels, helps move sperm.
- Efferent duct: 8-15 channels leading into epididymis.
- Epididymis: adjacent to the testes.
- Epididymis: stores spermatozoa during maturation.
- Accessory glands: drain into the urethra, contribute to the volume of semen.
- Only ampullary and prostate gland.
- Distal part of urethra: forms the path of both sperm and urine.
- Penis: copulatory organ.
- Divided into vascular or fibroelastic.
- Vascular: contains more erectile tissue (dogs, cats, horses).
- Fibroelastic: contains more connective tissue (length increases only).
- Scrotum: covering of the testes, composed of multiple layers.
- Muscle called dartos.
Female Reproductive System
- Composed of paired ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina.
- Ovaries: produce female gametes and hormones, possess both gametogenic and endocrine function.
- Uterine tubes: capture ova and convey them to the uterus.
- Vagina: copulatory organ.
- Vestibule: birth canal and urine passageway.
- Divided into monotocous (one offspring per gestation) and polytocous (multiple offspring per gestation).
- Parenchymatous zone of ovary: contains follicles.
- Medulla of ovary: contains blood vessels.
- Hymen: mucosal folds in the vulva.
Neuroanatomy
- Nervous system divided into central (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral (cranial and spinal nerves).
- Brain:
- Embryonic development: divided into five divisions:
- Telencephalon (cerebrum).
- Metencephalon (cerebellum and pons).
- Mesencephalon (midbrain).
- Diencephalon.
- Myelencephalon (medulla oblongata).
- Mature brain: divided into three major regions: cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem.
- Embryonic development: divided into five divisions:
- Gyrus/Gyri: outward folds.
- Sulcus: shallow groove.
- Longitudinal fissure: division of the two hemispheres.
- Corpus callosum: white matter, passes information between hemispheres.
- Rostral commissure: white matter, connects rhinencephalic structures.
- Gray matter: contains neuron cell bodies.
- White matter: fat in myelin, covers nerve fibers.
- Telencephalon (cerebrum): largest part of the brain, carries out higher brain functions.
- Interprets sensory inputs, initiates voluntary skeletal muscle movements, and stores memory.
- Five lobes in each hemisphere:
- Frontal: primary somatosensory cortex (pain, touch, temperature).
- Parietal: same as frontal.
- Occipital: primary visual.
- Temporal: primary auditory.
- Piriform: primary olfactory.
- Ansate sulcus: demarcation between frontal and parietal lobe.
- Suprasylvian sulcus: demarcation between temporal and occipital lobe.
- Hippocampus: important in learning and processing memory.
- Hippocampal formation: transfers information from short-term to long-term memory.
- Limbic system: involved in brain function, emotion, and behavior.
- Composed of thalamus, amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and olfactory bulb.
- Diencephalon: gives rise to the optic nerve.
- Divided into thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.
- Thalamus: major relay station, integrates motor and sensory signals.
- Lateral geniculate nucleus: processes visual signals.
- Medial geniculate nucleus: processes auditory signals.
- Hypothalamus: regulates emotion, sleep, eating, drinking, and sexual behavior.
- Controls the ANS (maintains homeostasis).
- Pineal gland: caudodorsal to the thalamus, regulates gonadal functions.
- Mesencephalon (midbrain): composed of four colliculi.
- Superior colliculi: contain visual reflex center.
- Inferior colliculi: contain auditory reflex center.
- Crus cerebri: carry motor signals to the body.
- Oculomotor nerve: medial to the crus cerebri.
- Pons: bulge between midbrain and medulla oblongata.
- Cerebellum: second largest part of the brain, coordinates subconscious and conscious skeletal muscle movement.
- Comprised of vermis, cerebellar cortex, folia, and arbor vitae.
- Myelencephalon (medulla oblongata): three vital reflexes:
- Cardiac centers: regulate strength and rate of heart contraction.
- Vasomotor centers: regulate diameter of blood vessels.
- Respiratory centers: regulate rhythm of breathing.
- Fasciculus cuneatus: carries signals for touch, pressure, and proprioception.
- Fasciculus gracilis: transmits signals from cutaneous mechanoreceptors (Merkel’s corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles).
- Ventricular system:
- Brain has four ventricles, responsible for secretion of CSF.
- Lateral ventricles: filled with CSF.
- Third ventricle: surrounded by the diencephalon.
- Fourth ventricle: located between the medulla and cerebellum.
- Brain has four ventricles, responsible for secretion of CSF.
- Meninges: connective tissues covering brain and spinal cord.
- Three layers:
- Pia mater: deepest layer.
- Arachnoid: middle layer, web-like appearance.
- Dura mater: outer layer.
- Three layers:
- Circle of Willis: blood supply of the brain.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the urinary system's anatomy and functions. This quiz covers the components of kidneys, including differences between unilobar and multilobar kidneys across various species. Understand the structural details and their significance in the urinary process.
